Preparedness https://coastal-management.eu/ en Public Education Schemes https://coastal-management.eu/measure/public-education-schemes <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Public Education Schemes</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 02/23/2017 - 11:25</span> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Not all stakeholders are aware or informed about their vulnerability to a changing climate, or flood risk protection. Nor are they aware of the pro-active measures they can take to adapt or deal with climate change. Awareness raising and education programs are therefore important to manage the impacts of climate change, enhance peoples’ capacity to deal with the impacts, and reduce overall vulnerability.</p> <p>Sharing knowledge in this way can help build safety and resilience, reduce future hazard impacts. Communities and individuals usually want to become partners in this, and the public can be empowered to deal with the impacts and reduce future problems related to flood risk and disaster risk response.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on the <a href="http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/adaptation-options/awareness-campaigns-for-behavioural-change ">information available on ClimateAdapt Platform</a> and the Ifrc-Guide on <a href="http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/disasters/reducing_risks/302200-Public-awareness-DDR-guide-EN.pdf">Public awareness and public education for disaster risk reduction.</a></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Several types of approaches can be used such as campaigns, participatory learning, informal education, formal school based interventions.</p> <p>Given that individuals and communities are in different positions, in terms of both capacity to act as well as vulnerability or being affected by, awareness raising schemes need to be tailored to their audience.</p> <p>Large climate change awareness raising campaigns are often a mixture of mitigation, energy efficiency, and sustainability measures rather than adaptation measures.</p> <h4>Benefits</h4> <p>The benefits also mean that through knowledge transfer, the resilience of the community or individuals can be increased which is essentially transforming knowledge and information into potential for action, protection and mitigation of harmful effects. It stimulates self-mobilisation and makes excellent use of local knowledge and resources for improved overall capacity.</p> <p>Awareness raising is continually relevant, and should be adapted as information and situation changes. Therefore, awareness raising is not only a first step but a step that can continually offer support to effectively managing flood risks.</p> <p>It is also generally a measure that can accompany many others, explaining to a community the options available to for instance, prevent erosion at a local beach, thereby in theory, informing decision making and improving democratic participation in climate change adaptation and decision making.</p> <h4>Disadvantages</h4> <p>In itself, flood hazard mapping does not cause a reduction in flood risk nor does it directly lead to people adopting risk-reduction measures. Researchers have found that people take action only when</p> <ul> <li>They know what specific actions can be taken to reduce their risks;</li> <li>They are convinced these actions will be effective;</li> <li>They people in their own ability to carry out the tasks.</li> </ul></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Costs</h4> <p>Awareness raising and school education schemes are generally inexpensive in comparison to some other mitigation efforts, however, they also vary in scale, thoroughness, and continuation. For instance, in order to be effective, generally education and awareness raising should include consistent and standard messaging, legitimacy and credibility, and scalability. It may require adaptation to specific local circumstances, such as language translation, or continual evaluation as a situation changes or becomes different. It may also only be effective if it reaches the target stakeholders it was designed for, who may for instance, have low capacity to deal with flood disasters despite having increased their awareness about them. Thus finding, low cost solutions or area specific options is crucial.</p> <p>Thus, awareness raising and education programs are most effective when developed through a participatory approach where needs, expectations, and capacity are measured and information is developed together. Moreover, the more tailored, maintained and thoughtful the approach the more likely it will be to be put into practice.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 23 Feb 2017 10:25:51 +0000 nst 297 at https://coastal-management.eu Insurance Risk Financing https://coastal-management.eu/measure/insurance-risk-financing <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Insurance Risk Financing</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 02/20/2017 - 10:12</span> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Insurance, risk financing, compensation and tax relief have two main purposes in the management of flood risk. Firstly, and most obviously, the provision of these financial mechanisms can be used by those at risk to offset their financial risk from flooding. Although these financial tools obviously do not prevent flooding, they allow recovery without placing undue financial burdens on those impacted by flood disasters.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><em>Based on: <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2241">Jha, Abhas K., Robin Bloch, and Jessica Lamond. Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. World Bank Publications, 2012.</a></em></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Advantages</h4> <p>The advantages of flood insurance are clear. For low frequency but high impact events, the provision of insurance spreads the risk of financial loss, centralizes the holding of disaster reserves, and should therefore be a more efficient method of financing disaster recovery. Because of this, governments are increasingly beginning to examine insurance as a risk management option.</p> <p>The second major function of disaster insurance, compensation and tax relief schemes is to reduce risk and damage, via the need for risk assessment and encouragement of risk mitigation (Cummins and Mahul 2009; Kunreuther 2002). If risk is correctly priced then the incentive to mitigate risks exists via premium pricing; many insurance contracts also implicitly require the policyholder to undertake reasonable risk reduction and mitigation activities and this obligation can be made more explicit, or mandatory, for coverage to apply. Similarly, compensation can be targeted to resilient reconstruction, whilst tax schemes have the potential to influence many aspects of reconstruction, including the use or set aside of flood-prone land. As disaster relief funds are increasingly overstretched, and tend to divert finance from other important development programs, the main focus of this section is the potential to move towards insurance.</p> <h4>Disadvantages</h4> <p>Highly relevant in the context of flood insurance, adverse selection and moral hazard are two behavioral phenomena which undermine the efficient operation of insurance markets where there may be information asymmetry (i.e., policy holders know more about the risk they face than the insurer does). This leads to the potential for adverse selection. Those people who are poorer risks than the average will tend to insure; the informational problems imply that the risk will not be priced correctly. As an example, flood risk is often assessed on an area basis, such as the average damage per property in a postal or zip code. But within a particular code some properties may be on raised ground whilst others are not. If insurance is not mandatory, then it is the residents on low ground who will buy insurance and their average claim will be higher than the code average. This results in an under pricing of risk and, potentially, claims which cannot be met from reserved premiums. The adverse selection problem is minimized where insurance coverage is high, or where cover is mandatory. Moral hazard exists if there is no reward for risk mitigation behavior built into insurance products. Policy holders will therefore rely on insurance to offset their risk and undertake no self-protection. Policy holders will therefore rely on insurance to offset their risk and undertake no self-protection. This has been observed to be the case in the UK, where there is no effective mechanism for premium adjustment in the domestic market in consequence of self-protection, partly due to competition but also to transaction costs. The action of moral hazard results in increased damage costs and higher premiums for all. The use of excess charges, regulation and policy exclusions could potentially encourage self-protection (Kunreuther 2002) but may be difficult to enforce in a market-based system. Alternatively, awareness raising and education regarding the intangible</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Financial Requirements and Cost</h4> <p>The coverage of natural disasters in general, and flooding in particular, varies a great deal across nations. For buildings, there is an estimated coverage of 40 percent of high income country losses, falling to 10 percent in middle income countries and less than five percent in low income countries. The UK is one of the best covered countries with 95 percent coverage; by contrast, Taiwan’s coverage is below one percent. Although, following this, there is a perception that, flood insurance coverage is universally high in developed countries and the converse in developing countries, this is in fact not the case. Swiss Re has estimated, for example, that in the Netherlands flood insurance coverage is typically very low, whereas in Indonesia it may be as high as 20 percent (Gaschen et al. 1998). Purchase of insurance is highly dependent on a number of factors, including its availability and cost, the level of the provision of disaster relief, general risk awareness, and attitudes to collective and individual risk (Lamond and Proverbs 2009).</p> <h4>Barriers to implementation</h4> <p>To qualify for insurance, risks have to be insurable. From an insurance provider’s perspective insurability equates to:</p> <ul> <li>Risk that is quantifiable</li> <li>Risk that is randomly distributed</li> <li>A high enough number of policy holders to diversify risk</li> <li>Sufficient chargeable premium to cover the expected claims, and transaction costs, whilst remaining affordable to policy holders.</li> </ul> <p>For market-derived insurance, a profit margin is also necessary. In the context of flood risk, particularly in developing countries, the quantifiable aspect of insurability is problematic. Flooding is less predictable in its onset and outcomes than for other natural hazards; the availability and reliability of historic data in developing countries is low. The cost of insurance may also pose a problem for prospective policy holders in lower income countries. Many households already exist below economic subsistence level and have no money to spare for the purpose.</p> <p>In a mature market with good information and well-priced risk, the spread of risk should be appropriate. Even in the developed world, however, the steps in development of a mature market may involve insurers accepting patterns of risk which are less diverse and therefore have unaffordable premiums.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>Cummins, J. D. & Mahul, O. 2009. <em>Catastrophe Risk Financing in Developing Countries</em>. Washington, DC: World Bank.</h5> <h5>Gaschen, S., Hausmann, P., Menzinger, I. & Schaad, W. 1998. Floods – an insurable risk? A market survey. Zurich: Swiss Re.</h5> <h5>Kunreuther, H. 2002. “The role of insurance in managing extreme events: implications for terrorism coverage.” <em>Risk Analysis 22 </em>(3): 427–37.</h5> <h5>Lamond, J. & Proverbs, D. 2009. “Resilience to flooding: learning the lessons from an international comparison of the barriers to implementation.” <em>Urban Design and Planning </em>162: 63-70.</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Mon, 20 Feb 2017 09:12:14 +0000 nst 295 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Early warning system in Sogn og Fjordane (NOR) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-early-warning-system-sogn-og-fjordane-nor <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Early warning system in Sogn og Fjordane (NOR)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 01/25/2017 - 16:39</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/62" hreflang="en">Flood Forecasting and Warning</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The county of Sogn og Fjordane frequently experiences avalanches and landslides, storm surges and flooding. A demonstration project explored the potential for an effective, reliable and cost-efficient early warning system that has a multi-hazard approach and makes use of location and population-based communication technologies, such as mobile phones, as well as social media such as Facebook and Twitter. The system was tested with a sample warning followed by a survey and data analysis to judge its efficacy.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/case-studies/multi-hazard-approach-to-early-warning-system-in-sogn-og-fjordane-norway">Based on information from the Climate-ADAPT website.</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>Sogn og Fjordane is a coastal, mountainous region of Norway that boasts hundreds of thousands of tourist visits annually. Several communities in Sogn og Fjordane are facing numerous hazards such as flooding, avalanches, rock slides and other extreme weather events, that might be exacerbated by climate change. To respond to the challenge an early warning system was developed and tested within a EU research project. The multi-hazard warning system aimed at optimising rescue and other emergency services provided by the county. Due to tourism, it aims to be a cost-effective method reaching all people in the geographic area and not only residents.</p> <p>A public warning exercise was carried out in 2010 with 2,500 mobile phones receiving the alert as text message and 322 fixed line phones in Aurland received the alert as voice message. The warning exercise was visible on Facebook for 2 hours and received 201,849 viewings. A post-exercise survey was carried out online and a door-to-door survey was conducted in parts of the area to assess the public’s thoughts on the exercise. The population warning exercise was evaluated to measure the efficiency of the warning system by combining an electronic evaluation form and a door-to-door survey.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The project demonstrated how an existing county-encompassing organization could be used to issue the population warning. While the technical aspects of people-centred warning systems are at large readily available, issues concerning confidentiality legislation and system regulations must be solved before successfully implementing efficient location-based warning systems. In order to use social media during crisis situations, the projected concluded that research is needed.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/early-warning-systems" hreflang="en">Early warning systems</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 25 Jan 2017 15:39:06 +0000 nst 272 at https://coastal-management.eu Information Platforms https://coastal-management.eu/measure/information-platforms <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Information Platforms</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 01/25/2017 - 15:31</span> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Before implementing DRR measures, coastal stakeholder should be informed about the different possible measures and their characteristics. There are several of existing website that provides such information. For the RISC-KIT Costal Management Guide expertise was drawn from such platforms. A selection of these will be presented below.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>RISC-KIT Costal Management Guide expertise was drawn from different information platforms. Information came from website, brochures, or handbooks. All of them provide valuable insights when dealing with DRR measures.</p> <h5><strong>Scottish Natural Heritage: A guide to managing coastal erosion in beach/dune systems </strong></h5> <p>Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) developed a website in already in 2000 to manage coastal erosion on Scottish coasts. With this website, the SNH “seeks to encourage coastal authorities and managers to implement approaches to erosion management which maintain the important and varied conservation interests of Scotland’s unique beach and dune systems.”</p> <p>The website reviews the options available for managing erosion, from non-intervention through to construction of revetments and seawalls, and offers guidance on how to select or design the most appropriate response to a particular situation. Critically, it describes and illustrates how each technique might best be designed so as to minimise damage to the natural heritage and reduce the prospects of altering shoreline evolution elsewhere.</p> <p>The website can be found <a href="http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/heritagemanagement/erosion/index.shtml">here</a>.</p> <h5><strong>Flanders Marine Institute: Coastal Wiki</strong></h5> <p>The Coastal Wiki was developed by the Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) and is based on the Wikipedia concept. It is an information tool combined with a search function. Articles about different coastal topics are typically 2-3 pages long and are structured according to different layers of specialization. Authors focus in their articles on a single topic at a certain level of detail, but are capable to provide a wider context and to provide more detailed information by introducing links to related articles. An important difference to the traditional Wikipedia concept is that it is not possible to edit anonymous at the Coastal Wiki.</p> <p>The primary users of the Coastal and Marine Wikipedia are coastal professionals, who are either generalists who need to update their knowledge about a broad range of subjects or specialists who need to gain an understanding of other sectors or disciplines in order to work in an integrated manner. Target user groups are for example policy makers, practitioners, scientists, or the wider public.</p> <p>The website can be found <a href="http://www.coastalwiki.org/">here</a></p> <h5><strong>The Associated Programme on Flood Management (APFM): Tools for Integrated Flood Management</strong></h5> <p>The Associated Programme on Flood Management (APFM) is a joint initiative of the <a href="http://www.wmo.int/pages/index_en.html">World Meteorological Organization (WMO)</a> and the <a href="http://www.gwpforum.org/">Global Water Partnership (GWP)</a>. It promotes the concept of Integrated Flood Management (IFM) as a new approach to flood management. Within the IFM, the APFM published a series of tools for integrated flood management. These tools provide guidance for flood managers and various other specialists working in flood management.</p> <p>These tools address aspects like management of flash floods, conservation and restoration of rivers and floodplains, flood emergency planning, or flood proofing.</p> <p>The list of tools can be found <a href="http://www.apfm.info/ifm_tools.htm">here</a>.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h5><strong>World Bank: Cities and Flooding - A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century.</strong></h5> <p>A guidebook about Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management was written in 2012 by Jha, Bloch, and Lamond. The guide, published by the World Bank, serves as a primer for decision and policy makers, technical specialists, central, regional and local government officials, and concerned stakeholders in the community sector, civil society and non-governmental organizations, and the private sector.</p> <p>The Guide embodies the state-of-the art on integrated urban flood risk management. The Guide starts with a summary for policy makers which outlines and describes the key areas which policy makers need to be knowledgeable about to create policy directions and an integrated strategic approach for urban flood risk management. The core of the Guide consists of seven chapters, organized as: understanding flood hazard; understanding flood impacts; integrated flood risk management (structural measures and non-structural measures); evaluating alternative flood risk management options: tools for decision makers; implementing integrated flood risk management; and conclusion.</p> <p>The pdf version of the guide can be viewed <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2241">here</a>.</p> <h5><strong>Scottish Environment Protection Agency: Natural Flood Management Handbook’</strong></h5> <p>In 2015 the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) published a handbook to provide practical guidance to the delivery of natural flood management. It is informed by a number of demonstration projects and studies commissioned by SEPA and partners in recent years that have highlighted some of the requirements for the effective delivery of natural flood management. It is primarily aimed at local authorities tasked with delivery of actions set out in the Flood Risk Management Strategies, but it is also intended to be of use to all those seeking to deliver natural flood management.</p> <p>The ‘Natural Flood Management Handbook’ can be downloaded <a href="https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/163560/sepa-natural-flood-management-handbook1.pdf">here</a>.</p> <h5><strong>United Nations Environment Programme: Green Infrastructure Guide for Water Management. Ecosystem-based management approaches for water-related infrastructure projects</strong></h5> <p>The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), together with UNEP-DHI, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and the World Resources Institute (WRI) published a guide in 2014 to raise awareness of the benefits of Green Infrastructure (GI) solutions for water resources management.</p> <p>The guide takes a pragmatic approach to water management, and shows that GI can provide significant water management benefits and co-benefits, and also can support benefits from  existing grey water infrastructure through a mutually complimentary mix of green and grey solutions. In addition to providing an overview of GI solutions for water management, this guide includes an outline methodology for water management options assessment, as well as a risk and uncertainty analysis. The guide concludes with a brief overview of practical tools to support the evaluation of appropriate solutions.</p> <p>The pdf version of the book can be seen <a href="http://web.unep.org/ecosystems/sites/default/files/uploads/resource/file/Green%20infrastructure%20Guide.pdf">here</a>.</p> <h5><strong>The European Climate Adaptation Platform (CLIMATE-ADAPT) </strong></h5> <p>The European Climate Adaptation Platform (CLIMATE-ADAPT) is a partnership between the European Commission (DG CLIMA, DG Joint Research Centre and other DGs) and the European Environment Agency.</p> <p>CLIMATE-ADAPT aims to support Europe in adapting to climate change and helps users to access and share data and information on:</p> <ul> <li>Expected climate change in Europe</li> <li>Current and future vulnerability of regions and sectors</li> <li>EU, national and transnational adaptation strategies and actions</li> <li>Adaptation case studies and potential adaptation options</li> <li>Tools that support adaptation planning</li> </ul> <p>CLIMATE-ADAPT provides a database where information addressing coastal DRR measures can be found. These include description of DRR measures as well as information about case studies.</p> <p>The platform can be found <a href="http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu">here</a>.</p> <h5><strong>UK Environment Agency: Fluvial Design Guide</strong></h5> <p>The Fluvial Design Guide is aimed at professional staff engaged in the design process from the early stages of looking at alternative solutions through to the delivery of the outputs of design for the construction, maintenance, refurbishment or alteration of flood defence or land drainage assets. The guide is thus intended to be used by both designers and asset managers.</p> <p>The Fluvial Design Guide comprises eleven chapters, which are accessed via the table of contents. In addition, individual chapters are available as <a href="http://evidence.environment-agency.gov.uk/FCERM/en/FluvialDesignGuide.aspx">pdf downloads</a>.</p> <h4> </h4> <h4>ADDITIONAL INFORMATION</h4> <p>Apart from the sources used for this web-guide, there are also other information sources available. A few of them are listed below:</p> <p><strong>OURCOAST - the European portal for ICZM: </strong>OURCOAST is an exhaustive European web-portal about Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). It shares detailed information on Best Practices on ICZM in a Context of Adaptation to Climate Change in Coastal Areas. The web-portal can be found <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/ourcoast/">here</a>.</p> <p><strong>EUROSION</strong>:  The EU project EUROSION (2002-2004) emphasized on pilot projects which focused on erosion management. The project website offers a GIS database and a Shoreline Management Guide that is based in pilot projects across Europe. The project can be found <a href="http://www.eurosion.org/">here</a>:</p> <p><strong>CONSCIENCE</strong>: The EU project CONSCIENCE was launched in 2007 with the aim of enhancing the implementation of a scientifically based sustainable coastal erosion management in Europe. It has been testing scientific concepts and tools in six pilot sites around Europe, building on the recommendations on coastal erosion management as issued by the <a href="http://www.eurosion.org/">EUROSION</a> project.</p> <p><strong>FLOODsite</strong>: The EU project covers the physical, environmental, ecological and socio-economic aspects of floods from rivers, estuaries and the sea. It provides decision support technologies, uncertainty estimation and pilot applications for river, estuary and coastal sites. The website can be found <a href="http://www.floodsite.net/default.htm">here</a>.</p> <p><strong>RISES-AM</strong>: The core of EU project RISES-AM (2013-2016) was assessing the cross-sectoral and economy-wide impacts and vulnerability of coastal systems at local, regional and global scales. The project made use of the concepts of representative concentration pathways (RCPs) and shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs). The website can be found <a href="http://www.risesam.eu/">here</a>.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 25 Jan 2017 14:31:51 +0000 nst 270 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Vulnerability Assessment for Marin's Ocean Coast, California (USA) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-vulnerability-assessment-marins-ocean-coast-california-usa <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Vulnerability Assessment for Marin's Ocean Coast, California (USA)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 01/24/2017 - 14:06</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/36" hreflang="en">Erosion</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 2015, the Marin County Community Development Agency (CDA) published a Vulnerability Assessment based on information from technical advisors, utility managers, and West Marin residents. The Assessment summarizes the expected timing and extent of impacts, laying a foundation of knowledge to guide adaptation planning.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on information from <a href="//www.marincounty.org/depts/cd/divisions/planning/sea-level-rise/draft-vulnerability-assessment">Marin County Community Development Agency (CDA).</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>Marin County is located in the San Francisco Bay Area of the U.S. state of California. Marin’s coastline is stated to be vulnerable to sea level rise and changing storm patterns that accompany climate change. Over one-quarter of Marin County properties and natural and community assets are threatened by sea level rise along the coast. </p> <p>The Marin County Community Development Agency together with different partners began in 2014 to develop a Vulnerability Assessment. The assessment presents asset profiles describing the vulnerability of parcels and buildings, transportation networks, utilities, working lands, natural resources, recreational activities, emergency services, and historic and archaeological resources; and community profiles highlighting vulnerable assets in different parts of the county. The findings are based on a combination of different sea level and storm scenarios representing near-term, medium-term, and long-term futures.</p> <p>The Vulnerability Assessment is “advisory and not a regulatory or legal standard of review for actions that the Marin County government or CA Coastal Commission may take under the Coastal Act.” (CDA 2015: 4)</p> <p>The Assessment is broken down in five different sections:</p> <ul> <li>Executive Summary and Introduction</li> <li>Asset Profiles</li> <li>Community Profiles</li> <li>Conclusion and Appendices</li> <li>Vulnerability Assessment Maps</li> </ul></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Methodology</h4> <p>The Assessment methodology is based on the <a href="http://resources.ca.gov/docs/climate/01APG_Planning_for_Adaptive_Communities.pdf">California Climate Adaptation Planning Guide</a> (CA Emergency Management Agency, 2012). Based on this planning guide, five phases were undertaken (CDA 2015: 17):</p> <ul> <li>Phase 1| Exposure: Assess potential changes in water level from sea level rise, storm events, and geomorphic change, and the built and natural assets that could be impacted</li> <li>Phase 2| Sensitivity: Assess the degree of damage or disruption sea level rise and storms could cause on the exposed assets.</li> <li>Phase 3| Adaptive Capacity: Assess each asset’s adaptive capacity, or ability to respond successfully, to sea level rise and storms.</li> <li>Phase 4| Potential Impacts: Evaluate the potential consequences to the assets and larger context, assuming no intervention actions.</li> <li>Phase 5| Risk & Onset: Describe the certainty and timing of impacts.</li> </ul> <h4>Key Findings</h4> <p>In the coastal zone of Marin County, over 10 percent of buildings are vulnerable to a scenario with 40 inches of sea level rise and a 100-year storm. In a scenario of 80 inches of sea level rise combined with a 100-year-storm event, even 20 percent of buildings at the coast would be vulnerable. Depending on the scenario between 2.5 and 20 miles of road may be exposed to sea level rise and storm flooding.</p> <p>Other vulnerable assets of coastal Marin are:</p> <ul> <li>Beaches,</li> <li>underground on-site wastewater treatment systems</li> <li>Water distribution pipe</li> <li>Fire service facilities and tsunami routes</li> <li>Recreational facilities</li> </ul> <p>More information and the pdf version of the Vulnerability Assessment can be found here: <a href="http://www.marincounty.org/depts/cd/divisions/planning/sea-level-rise/draft-vulnerability-assessment">http://www.marincounty.org/depts/cd/divisions/planning/sea-level-rise/draft-vulnerability-assessment</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>As stated in the document, the assessment is not a regulatory or legal framework but an advisory report. Based on the assessment, adaptation measures can be undertaken. Implementing these measures, new institutional, legal, and financing arrangements might be required. The assessment lays the informational foundation for adaptation planning and implementing the necessary measures.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/vulnerability-assessment" hreflang="en">Vulnerability Assessment</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>CA Emergency Management Agency (2012): <a href="http://resources.ca.gov/docs/climate/01APG_Planning_for_Adaptive_Communities.pdf">California Climate Adaptation Planning Guide</a>, 60 pages.</h5> <h5>Marin County Community Development Agency (CDA) (2015):<a href="http://www.marincounty.org/~/media/files/departments/cd/planning/slr/vulnerability-assessment/part-01_draft_marin_coast_slr_va_v2.pdf?la=en"> Marin Ocean Coast Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment</a>. Draft Executive Summary and Introduction. 35 pages.</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Tue, 24 Jan 2017 13:06:12 +0000 nst 269 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: London Mass Evacuation Framework (UK) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-london-mass-evacuation-framework-uk <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: London Mass Evacuation Framework (UK)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 01/18/2017 - 10:26</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/63" hreflang="en">Emergency Event and Contingency Planning</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 2014, the London Resilience Partnership developed the second Mass Evacuation Framework for the city of London. The purpose of this Framework is to offer guidance to responders managing a mass evacuation of displaced persons and, where appropriate, other living creatures.</p> <p>The Framework has been developed by the Multi-Agency London Resilience Partnership Mass Evacuation Group. This group consists for example of the City of London Police, London Fire Brigade Emergency Planning, Environment Agency, Ministry of Defence (London), or Network Rail.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on: London Resilience Partnership (2014): <a href="https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/gla_migrate_files_destination/London%20Mass%20Evacuation%20Framework%20V2%200.pdf">Mass Evacuation Framework</a>.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In the city a range of risks could result in a scenario requiring mass evacuation. The current reasonable worst case planning assumption for London is based on a major fluvial flooding incident.</p> <p>In addition to providing guidance, the framework is intended to support decision-making and expectation management across all multi-agency partners and stakeholders. The content facilitates a flexible, scalable and coordinated approach to managing an evacuation.</p> <p>The framework is not intended to be prescriptive, as every incident is different; rather, its aim is to capture the core principles for the management of a mass evacuation enabling key organisations to respond consistently and with a clear understanding of their roles and responsibilities.</p> <p>In more detail, the objectives of this Framework are:</p> <ul> <li>Support the Strategic Coordinating Group to respond effectively to an event that requires the evacuation of part of London;</li> <li>Provide responding organisations with the necessary strategy to allow them to effectively implement their roles and responsibilities in support of an evacuation; and</li> <li>Provide the process by which appropriate information is supplied to all responding agencies, the public and businesses, at the start of and throughout the evacuation process.</li> </ul> <p>An incident which causes a mass evacuation may be a ‘sudden impact’ or a ‘rising tide’ type of incident. A ‘sudden impact’ incident will require immediate evacuation of a population to protect life, which may have to be initiated before the full command and control structure is in place. In a ‘rising tide’ incident, agencies will have some warning of a potential incident, enabling command and control structures to be put in place to coordinate the response to the incident and any associated evacuation. Flooding events typically fall under the latter of this incidents.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4><strong>Evacuation process</strong></h4> <p>The evacuation process is broken down into five principal phases as follows:</p> <h5><em>Initiate Evacuation</em></h5> <ul> <li>Responding Agencies initiate operating procedures</li> <li>Transport availability identified</li> <li>Evacuation assembly point identified</li> <li>Recovery Cell setup</li> <li>Alert neighbouring areas</li> </ul> <h5><em>Alert Population</em></h5> <ul> <li>Initiate Warning and Informing methods</li> </ul> <h5><em> Move Population</em></h5> <ul> <li>- Affected Local Authorities (LA) move evacuees requiring help to evacuation assembly point (with assistance from Police)</li> <li>- LAs to liaise with transport operators and move evacuees to locations where shelter can be provided</li> </ul> <h5><em>Shelter / Assistance</em></h5> <ul> <li>LAs receive evacuees and provide 48hr shelter where needed.</li> </ul> <h5><em>Return / Recovery.</em></h5> <ul> <li>- Handover to Recovery Group</li> <li>- Inform Population/ Residents</li> <li>- Assess Situation - Reoccupation (if possible)</li> <li>- LAs consider longer term shelter options</li> </ul> <h4>Training and Exercising</h4> <p>Each organisation is responsible for ensuring that its staff are fully trained in its own emergency response procedures, and in its particular role in support of the operation of the London Mass Evacuation Framework and associated plans and protocols. A standardised approach to training and exercising is described in the framework. It is also stated that agencies have to maintain records of their training programmes as evidence.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Once an evacuation plan has been set, it must be made available to the people who might need to use so they can be trained and the effectiveness of the plan validated. This is usually through an exercise which alows responders to simulate an emergency and their response. </p> <p>Also a regularly review and update of the plan has to be undertaken. These updates should take into account learnings from exercises, incidents and changes in policy. It has to be ensured that the latest best practise is incorporated.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/evacuation-planning" hreflang="en">Evacuation planning</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.london.gov.uk/about-us/organisations-we-work/london-prepared/planning-emergencies-capital">City of London</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 18 Jan 2017 09:26:41 +0000 nst 231 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Risk Communication in Kiel (Ger) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-risk-communication-kiel-ger <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Risk Communication in Kiel (Ger)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 12/07/2016 - 12:04</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/63" hreflang="en">Emergency Event and Contingency Planning</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-main-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_main_image/public/measures/Cover%20Schietwetter.jpg?itok=oOMu95jy" width="315" height="210" alt="Cover Schietwetter" title="Cover Schietwetter" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-landscape-main-image" /> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB">An informative brochure can help raise awareness for coastal residents to inform about climate related risks and offer behavioural recommendation. For the city of Kiel such comprehensive guideline was developed. </span></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Bay of Kiel Climate Alliance published in 2015 a guideline for private risk prevention (KBKB 2015). The authors quote a survey saying in 2013 about 90% of the German population thought that there is a low risk to be personally affected by storm floods, storm surges or other natural disasters. But with climate change an increase of extreme weather events is expected for the Bay of Kiel region. Since thus could affect people and households in this region, the alliance published a guideline to offer information about extreme events and orientation how to prevent possible damages and problems. The brochure was written in cooperation with the City of Kiel, the Ministry of the Interior of the federal state Schleswig-Holstein, and the insurance agency ‘Provinzial Nord Brandkasse’.</p> <p>This guide addresses 5 different threats: storms, heavy rainfall, thunderstorm, heat wave, and cold wave. All the different threats are describes in the regional context and also a guide of what to do on a personal basis. For example for storms, the authors recommend:</p> <p>Before the storm:</p> <ul> <li>Use windproof roofing and let it be checked by experts on a regular basis.</li> <li>light objects such as garden furniture, garbage and water barrels</li> <li>shutters and blinds</li> <li>Don’t park under trees</li> <li>Check if your insurance covers damages from storms</li> </ul> <p>During or after the storm:</p> <ul> <li>Only step outside if necessary and pay attention to falling objects, such as bricks or branches</li> <li>Report and document damages</li> <li>In case of damages report immediately your insurance agency.</li> </ul></div> <div class="field field--name-field-gallery field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="gallery-left-arrow"><span></span></div> <div class="gallery-right-arrow"><span>></span></div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="gallery-wrapper"> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/Veranstaltung_Kiel%20004.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/Veranstaltung_Kiel%20004.jpg?itok=GMvt6Ghk" width="220" height="147" alt="City of Kiel, Harbour" title="City of Kiel, Harbour" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/Veranstaltung_Kiel%20016.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/Veranstaltung_Kiel%20016.jpg?itok=s4T5pMmj" width="220" height="147" alt="City of Kiel, promenade" title="City of Kiel, promenade" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/Veranstaltung_Kiel%20017.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/Veranstaltung_Kiel%20017.jpg?itok=5FCdFwSt" width="220" height="147" alt="City of Kiel, promenade" title="City of Kiel, promenade" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Also the four other themes are described in general with concluding behavioral recommendation. The brochure closes with useful links where to find further information.</p> <p>The guide makes use of understandable language, additional photographs and in some cases with (regional) maps. This is to ensure, that residents will read the brochure. Local references, like excerpts from newspaper on heavy rains or storms help to anchor the rather abstract climate threats into a local context.</p> <p>5000 copies were published and handed out at thematic relevant events (public fairs, etc.), it is also available <a href="http://www.klimabuendnis-kieler-bucht.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Schietwetter_web.pdf">online</a>.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/risk-awareness-campaigns" hreflang="en">Risk awareness campaigns</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.klimabuendnis-kieler-bucht.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Schietwetter_web.pdf">PDF Version of brochure</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.klimabuendnis-kieler-bucht.de">Bay Kiel Climate Alliance (in German)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>KBKB (Klimabündnis Kieler Bucht) (2015): Schietwetter - na und? Extremwetterereignisse und wie Sie sich schützen können. Ein Leitfaden zur privaten Risikovorsorge. 24 p. (<a href="http://www.klimabuendnis-kieler-bucht.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Schietwetter_web.pdf">http://www.klimabuendnis-kieler-bucht.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Schietwetter_web.pdf</a>)</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 07 Dec 2016 11:04:38 +0000 nst 200 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Marina Emergency Plan, Gangplank (USA) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-marina-emergency-plan-gangplank-usa <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Marina Emergency Plan, Gangplank (USA)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 12/06/2016 - 17:02</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 2008 the Marina Gangplank Wharf, located in Washington D.C., USA, published a revised version of a ‘Severe Weather Preparedness Plan’. This plan is designed to provide slipholders and marina employee’s guidance with respect to the actions the marina will take at the approach of severe weather and/or hurricane landfall in the Washington Metropolitan Area.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="http://www.gangplank.com/documents/SevereWeatherPreparednessPlan-PDF.pdf">Based on the Severe Weather Preparedness Plan of the Marina Gangplank Wharf,  Washington D.C., USA </a> </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The plan describes the slipholders duties and responsibilities and how to survive direct hits from hurricanes. The plan draws upon lessons learned from the landfall of the remnants of Hurricane Isabel (Metropolitan Area 2003), Hurricane Andrew (Miami 1998), Hurricane Katrina (Louisiana/Mississippi 2004) and Hurricane Rita (Texas 2004). It also describes the responsibilities of ship-owners in case of an emergency and states very clear: “The marina will not prepare your vessel for you” (p.7). In case of a severe storm, the marina will set up a severe weather response team. It will consist of the Dockmaster, the Director of Maintenance, the Assistant Director of Maintenance, the Assistant Dockmaster, the Office Manager and all maintenance staff.</p> <p><em>“OWNERS AND AUTHORIZED AGENTS OF VESSELS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL DAMAGE THEIR VESSEL INFLICTS UPON ANOTHER BOAT OR TO MARINA PROPERTY—IF THEY FAIL TO TAKE PRUDENT EFFORTS TO PROPERLY SECURE THEIR VESSEL FOR THE STORM.” </em>(Severe Weather Preparedness Plan, p.7)</p> <p>Main part of the emergency plan is the description of four levels of severe weather preparedness.</p> <p><strong>Phase Four</strong>: During hurricane season (June 1 to November 30), the marina will continuously maintain Phase Four status. This status requires review and revision of the severe weather plan, inventory of severe weather emergency supplies and acquisition of additional supplies and maintenance of equipment that will be required during a severe weather emergency.</p> <p><strong>Phase Three: </strong>In case of an approaching Hurricane, Phase Three indicates that the marina will be subjected to sustained gale-force winds (39 mph) or greater within seventy-two to forty-eight hours. For example,  following action will be implemented during Phase Three:</p> <ul> <li>Slipholders get notified via e‐mail that the marina has implemented its severe weather plan.</li> <li>Slipholders are required to double line, deploy chafing gear, remove dinghies, reduce their windage (by removing canvas, biminis, sails) and lash or remove all items on deck</li> <li>Three rooms will be secured for employees, with vital records and emergency equipment and supplies for two to five days as dictated by the estimated strength of the storm and flood tides.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Phase Two</strong>: The Hurricane is approaching. Marina will experience sustained gale‐force winds within forty‐eight to twenty‐four hours and a hurricane strike will more likely than not strike the marina. For actions will be taken during this phase:</p> <ul> <li>The marina ceases operations and all staff will prepare for the hurricane. All pumpouts must be completed by this time.</li> <li>The Dockmaster will close the marina to all inbound transient vessels. All vessels which have been ordered to depart must have left the marina.</li> <li>The Marina Manager and Dockmaster shall make an inspection of Cantina Marina to determine what items are required to be secured.</li> </ul></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Phase One</strong>: The Hurricane Warning has been issued and the Hurricane will strike the marina or pass very close to the facility within twenty four hours.</p> <ul> <li>Based upon consideration of all the circumstances, the Marina Manager will determine whether or not to issue an order to evacuate the marina.</li> <li>Upon issuance of an evacuation order, the Assistant Dockmaster will communicate via e-mail and telephonically to all slipholders and landside tenants that the marina is under an evacuation order and that evacuation must be completed within twelve hours after which the marina will be locked down.</li> <li>Marina Manager, Dockmaster and Director of Maintenance will perform final check of vessels for doubling of lines and, with respect to T-head vessels remaining in the marina, deployment of anchors and that all items on the dock have been removed or are properly lashed.</li> <li>At twelve hours prior to the storms passage, the marina will lock-down. The main gate will be chained and locked and no entry other than marina personnel will be permitted.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Post-Storm Procedures: </strong>After passage of the storm, only employees shall be permitted entry to the marina until such time as an assessment of the structural integrity of all docks has been completed by the Manager, Dockmaster and Director of Maintenance. This assessment will be conducted as soon as conditions permit.</p> <ul> <li>Sunken vessels will be immediately inspected for survivors and/or bodies and will be marked with florescent paint noting they have been inspected and the results of those inspections.</li> <li>Environmental hazards shall be identified (sunken vessels, ruptured containment vessels) and mitigation of these hazards shall begin immediately</li> <li>The Marina Manager shall, as soon as practicable, file with the marina’s insurer a casualty report and shall document the damage to the marina with photographs.</li> </ul></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">The Marina Emergency Plan is a good example of preparedness measure to cope with extreme events. The effort is comparatively low compared with the benefits of such a plan. But to be most effective in case of an emergency it is essential to update such a plan on a regular basis and enforce trainings on how to execute this.</span></p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/emergency-response-plan-marina" hreflang="en">Emergency Response Plan for a Marina</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.gangplank.com/contact.html">Website of Marina Gangplank</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Tue, 06 Dec 2016 16:02:12 +0000 nst 197 at https://coastal-management.eu Emergency Response Plan for a Marina https://coastal-management.eu/measure/emergency-response-plan-marina <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Emergency Response Plan for a Marina</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 12/06/2016 - 16:40</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-main-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_main_image/public/measures/P1060293-2.jpg?itok=AhgBqy5q" width="315" height="210" alt="Marina in Kiel, Germany" title="Marina in Kiel, Germany" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-landscape-main-image" /> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Emergency plans for Marinas can help to be better prepared for storm floods. In preparing an emergency plan, certain information has to be provided.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/clean-marina-classroom/course-units/petroleum-control/section-2-emergency-preparedness/"><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Based on the Clean Marina Classroom developed by the <span>University of Michigan.</span></span></a></p> <ul> </ul></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Storms and floods can always be a risk for marina – they even can happen at unexpected times like happened at the summer storm flood in summer of 1989 in the Bay of Kiel area. This unusual summer event caused a lot of damage to the Marinas in this area. (More on the event can be found the Risc-Kit site <a href="http://risckit.cloudapp.net/risckit/#/map">here</a>.)</p> <p>The development of an emergency plan can help to be better prepared for such events. An emergency plan should consist of different sections. These ideas are based on the Clean Marina Classroom developed by the University of Michigan, USA. Each emergency response plan should contain the following information:</p> <h4><span><span>1.<span>     </span></span></span>Where:</h4> <ul> <li>In the very front of the plan, insert a laminated site plan of the facility showing valves, pipes, tanks, structures, roads, hydrants, docks, power and fuel shutoffs, hazardous material storage locations, and telephones.</li> <li>Describe where response material is located.</li> </ul> <h4><span><span>2.<span>     </span></span></span>Who:</h4> <ul> <li>Identify who is responsible (i.e., the assigned staff position) for taking what action, including deploying equipment, contacting emergency agencies.</li> <li>Designate one marina staff person as the official spokesperson for the facility.</li> <li>Include a list of emergency phone numbers: Coast Guard, state officials; local fire and police departments; the marina owner; neighboring marinas that have emergency response equipment; and spill response contractors.</li> <li>Include a brief description of each agency’s jurisdiction and information about what type of equipment and services are available from neighboring marinas and spill response firms.</li> </ul> <h4><span><span>3.<span>     </span></span></span>What:</h4> <ul> <li>State what action should be taken during an emergency and, based on likely threats, what equipment should be deployed.</li> <li>Include information about what type of equipment is available onsite and what its characteristics and capabilities are.</li> <li>Characterize the facility’s waterfront and vessels.</li> <li>Describe the type, amount and location of materials stored onsite, e.g., petroleum and hazardous materials. This will help first responders know what chemicals may be released when materials burn or are spilled.</li> <li>Include plans for oil/waste disposal and decontamination.</li> </ul> <h4><span><span>4.<span>     </span></span></span>How:</h4> <ul> <li>Explain how equipment should be used and how materials should be disposed. A waste disposal contractor can handle these wastes; identify this entity in your plan. Decontamination procedures are also important so that other areas of marina (and people) are not contaminated with oily wastes. This may be as simple as a designated wash down area to control access and departure from spill (hot zone) area and to collect oily coveralls and boots. Also, there should be a safety plan (part of emergency response plan) that ensures responders are trained, aware of potential risks and provided with appropriate personal protective equipment. Finally, plans should identify available response resources, call for hands-on training and drills, and address the need to replenish all used supplies and safety gear as necessary.</li> </ul> <h4><span><span>5.<span>     </span></span></span>When:</h4> <ul> <li>Indicate when additional resources should be called for assistance.</li> <li>Update the plans annually to include any new technology or equipment and to confirm phone numbers.</li> <li>Carryout and record scheduled employee training for implementing the plan.</li> </ul></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Additionally it is important to keep the emergency plans accessible. Copies of the plans should be kept in readily accessible locations. It is also important to share these plans with important stakeholder. For example the local fire department and local emergency services should be informed about the plans and given an additional copy. This will allow them to provide prompter assistance. A regular information exchange with neighboring marinas (exchange of contact data, information about resources, etc.), could be a valuable aspect in case of emergency.</span></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>This tool for preparedness is important for every marina, since it also rather simple and inexpensive to set up. But the plan is only as good as it would be executed during an extreme event. Therefore are regular update of the plan and regular emergency drills are necessary.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-marina-emergency-plan-gangplank-usa" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: Marina Emergency Plan, Gangplank (USA)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Tue, 06 Dec 2016 15:40:40 +0000 nst 196 at https://coastal-management.eu Flood and hazard forecasting https://coastal-management.eu/measure/flood-and-hazard-forecasting <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Flood and hazard forecasting</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/27" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">giacomo.cazzola</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 09/15/2016 - 14:13</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/62" hreflang="en">Flood Forecasting and Warning</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Flood forecasting is an essential tool for providing people still exposed to risk with advance notice of flooding, in an effort to save life and property.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><em>Based on: <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2241">Jha, Abhas K., Robin Bloch, and Jessica Lamond. Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. World Bank Publications, 2012.</a></em></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Different flood forecasting service models exist based on the needs of end users: a system may be developed for the public or strictly dedicated to the authorities. There is no single consistent approach worldwide but the basic principles of a good warning system are shared by all. These comprise:</p> <ul> <li>Better detection in times of need well before the actual event occurs</li> <li>Interpretation of the detected phenomena and forecasting this to the areas likely to be affected</li> <li>Dissemination of the warning message to the relevant authorities and public via the media and other communication systems.</li> </ul> <p>The fourth and final aspect is to encourage the appropriate response by the recipients by preparing for the upcoming event. This can be improved through flood response planning by people at risk and their support groups.</p> <h4>Uncertainty in flood forecasting</h4> <p>Models, by definition, are approximations of reality. As described earlier, all models suffer from a certain level of approximation or uncertainty in spite of powerful computing systems, data storage and high level technologies. Decision makers have to consider the effects of uncertainties in their decision-making process. Errors in forecasting of an event, for example stage or time of arrival, may lead to under-preparation (at the cost of otherwise avoidable damage) or over-preparation (resulting in unnecessary anxiety). The balance between failure to warn adequately in advance and the corrosive effects of too many false alarms must be carefully managed.</p> <p>The reliability of flood forecasting models relies on the quantification of uncertainty. All natural hazards are uncertain. The various sources that give rise to uncertainty in forecasting and early warning can be classified (Maskey. 2004) as:</p> <ul> <li>Model Uncertainty</li> <li>Parameter Uncertainty</li> <li>Input Uncertainty</li> <li>Natural and Operational Uncertainty.</li> </ul> <p>It is necessary to gain a better understanding of the options available to deal with the uncertainties within the system arising from these different sources.</p> <p>In order to produce a forecast, the initial conditions are typically determined by means of observations from rain gauges; these may, however, be unevenly spaced throughout the catchment, leading to uncertainty as to the total volume of rainfall. Where hydrologically important areas (such as steep slopes) are unrepresented, the model may utilize an interpolation method (introducing another element of uncertainty) in order to estimate run-off volume and peak flows. More sophisticated modeling can address these issues, but this in turn may demand high processing speeds and lengthy run-times.</p> <p>To offset some of this uncertainty, operational flood forecasting systems are moving towards Hydrological Ensemble Prediction Systems (HEPS), which are now the ‘state of the art’ in forecasting science (Schaake et al. 2006; Thielen et al. 2008). This method formed part of initiatives such as HEPEX (Hydrological Ensemble Prediction EXperiment) which investigated how best to produce, communicate and use hydrologic ensemble forecasts for short, medium and long-term predictions. Despite its demonstrated advantages the use of this system is still limited: it has been installed on an experimental basis in France, Germany, Czech Republic and Hungary.</p> <p>To deal with the uncertainty in spatio-temporal distribution and prediction of rainfall for extreme events, especially through radar derived data, a promising approach has been to combine stochastic simulation and detailed knowledge of radar error structure (Germann et al. 2006a, 2006b, 2009; Rossa et al. 2010). Radar ensembles have the potential benefits of increasing the time for warning especially for flash floods (Zappa et al. 2008). Advanced techniques, such as disdrometer networks (equipment capable of measuring the drop size, distribution and velocity of different kinds of precipitation) and LIDARs are being used to capture small scale rainfall phenomenon, whilst satellite remote sensing is more appropriate for regional and global level applications. A combination of all these methods and blending information is considered to be the most promising way forward.</p> <p>There are a several useful examples of such systems:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://oss.deltares.nl/web/delft-fews/">DELFT-FEWS</a>: one of the state of the art hydrological forecasting and warning systems developed by Deltares. This system is an integration of a number of sophisticated modules specialized in their individual capacities and the system is highly configurable and versatile. The system can be used as a standalone environment, or it can be used as a compliant client server application. Through its advanced modular system FEWS has managed to reduce the challenges like handling and integration of large datasets to a considerable extent.</li> <li><a href="http://www.sutron.com/product/alert-flood-warning-station/">Automated Local Evaluation in Real Time</a> (ALERT) is the method used within the AUG member states to transmit data and information using remote sensors for warning against flash floods.</li> <li>Central America Flash Flood Guidance is an example of regional flash flood warning. The national Hydrologic Warning Council (NHWC) has member countries across North America and many parts around the world; it is also a major organization in data dissemination for early warning for flood events.</li> <li>The<a href="http://www.mrcmekong.org/"> Mekong River Commission</a> flood forecasting system, discussed above, has been operating since 1970. It is an integrated system which provides timely forecasting to its member countries. It consists of three main systems of data collection and transmission, forecast operation and information dissemination at both national and regional level.</li> <li>The Southern African regional model for flood forecasting Stream Flow Model (SFM) has been applied after the Mozambique flood in 2000. The USGS along with Earth Resource Observation System (EROS) supports monitoring and modeling capacities of Southern African Countries.</li> <li>Regional Water Authority of Mozambique (ARA-Sul) is responsible for issuing flood warning and real time forecasting. The system is operational in Southern Africa with a mean area of 3,500 square kilometers. A simplified flood warning system, the Mozambique Flood Warning Project, is specially tailored to the needs of the local population. It also involves the local people and trains them to install, monitor and maintain the structures.</li> <li>Hydro Met Emergency Flood Recovery Project is used in Poland.</li> <li>Bhutan’s Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOFs) Iridium Satellite Communications is used as the telemetry back-bone for Bhutan’s GLOF Early Warning Project.</li> <li>In the Toronto region of Canada, the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) flood forecasting and warning system is used; this is a scalable flood warning system including web-based data and video for nine watersheds.</li> <li>The Automatic Dam Data acquisition and alarm reporting system, is the Puerto Rican System to obtain, monitor and analyze, in real- time, critical safety parameters such as inflows, outflows, gate openings and lake elevations for 29 principal reservoirs</li> <li><a href="http://www.cwc.nic.in/">Central Water Commission</a> (CWC) in India provides the Turnkey Flood forecasting system across 14 states having 168 remote sites in six river basins.</li> </ul></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>Maskey, S., Guinot, V. and Price, R.K. 2004. “Treatment of precipitation uncertainty in rainfall-runoff modeling: a fuzzy set approach.” Advances in Water Resources 27 (9): 889-98.</h5> <h5>Schaake, J., Franz, K., Bradley, A., and Buizza, R. 2006. “The Hydrological Ensemble Prediction Experiment (HEPEX).” Hydrological and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3: 3321–32.</h5> <h5>Thielen, J., Schaake, J., Hartman, R. and Buizza, R. 2008. “Aims, challenges and progress of the hydrological ensemble prediction experiment (HEPEX) following the third HEPEX workshop held in Stres 27-29 June 2007.” Atmospheric Science Letters 9: 29-35.</h5> <h5>Germann, U., Berenguer, M., Sempere-Torres, D., and Salvadè, G. 2006a. “Ensemble radar precipitation estimation — a new topic on the radar horizon.” Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Radar in Meteorology and Hydrology (ERAD). Barcelona. September 18–22, 2006. 559–62.</h5> <h5>Germann U., Galli, G., Boscacci, M, and Bolliger M. 2006b. “Radar precipitation measurement in a mountainous region.” Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorological Society 132: 1669–92.</h5> <h5>Germann, U., Berenguer, M., Sempere-Torres, D., and Zappa, M. 2009. “REAL — Ensemble radar precipitation estimation for hydrology in a mountainous region.” Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorological Society 135: 445–56.</h5> <h5>Rossa, A. M., Cenzon, G. and Monai, M. 2010. “Quantitative comparison of radar QPE to rain gauges for the 26 September 2007 Venice Mestre fl ood.” Natural Hazards and Earth System Science 10 (2): 371–7.</h5> <h5>Zappa, M., Rotach, M.W., Arpagaus, M., Dorninger, M., Hegg, C., Montani, A., Ranzi, R., Ament, F., Germann, U., Grossi, G., Jaun, S., Rossa, A., Vogt, S., Walser, A., Wehrhan, J., and Wunram, C. 2008. “MAP D-PHASE: Real-time demonstration of hydrological ensemble prediction systems.” Atmospheric Science Letters 2: 80–7.</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 15 Sep 2016 12:13:22 +0000 giacomo.cazzola 106 at https://coastal-management.eu