Individual - private https://coastal-management.eu/ en Public Participation Approaches in Implementing DRR Measures https://coastal-management.eu/measure/public-participation-approaches-implementing-drr-measures <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Public Participation Approaches in Implementing DRR Measures</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 09/12/2016 - 11:51</span> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Communication to and participation of the public is an important aspect of many planning processes, this also includes the development of DRR plans and strategic alternatives. This description is based on a project handbook that has been especially designed to support regional and local administrations in the planning and implementation of communication and public participation processes in flood prone areas. The findings of this report can also be applied to coastal areas.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on: Firus et al (2011): <a href="http://www.partizipation.at/fileadmin/media_data/Downloads/Zukunftsdiskurse-Studien/imra_handbook.pdf">Planning and implementing communication and public participation processes in flood risk management</a>.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>These findings are based on a handbook that was published as a result of the project ‘Integrative flood risk governance approach for improvement of risk awareness and increased public participation`(IMRA). The overarching goal of the IMRA project was to influence and change risk perception and real decision-making by actively involving stakeholders and the public in three case study areas of three different river basin districts in Europe. This handbook aims to provide an innovative tool to support in planning, implementing and evaluating a communication and public participation process as part of Flood Risk Management. The active involvement of all interested parties is also stated in the EU Floods Directive (2007).</p> <h4>12 Steps</h4> <p>The described concept is composed of 12 Steps, following a logical and chronological order (see Firus et al. 2011: 8).</p> <h5><strong>Identify your own position</strong></h5> <ul> <li>Step 1: Carry out initial self assessment of risk governance performance</li> <li>Step 2: Define goals and scope of process</li> <li>Step 3: Identify resources (money, time, personnel)</li> </ul> <h5><strong>Identify your strategic partners </strong></h5> <ul> <li>Step 4: Identify relevant stakeholders</li> <li>Step 5: Design and define scope of participation process</li> <li>Step 6: Create a network of stakeholders</li> <li>Step 7: Identify the public’s view</li> </ul> <h5><strong>Decide on measures </strong></h5> <ul> <li>Step 8: Agree on objectives</li> <li>Step 9: Agree on targeted communication and participation measures</li> <li>Step 10: Design an implementation plan for communication and participation measures</li> </ul> <h5><strong>Implementation</strong></h5> <ul> <li>Step 11: Implement communication and participation measures</li> </ul> <h5><strong>Evaluation</strong></h5> <ul> <li>Step 12: Evaluate the process</li> </ul> <p>The handbook fleshes out the different steps, for example how to select proper stakeholder for participatory processes (in Step 4), describing in more detail what kind of roles stakeholder can take (in Step 5), or how to deal with different social milieus (Step 9).</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-gallery field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="gallery-left-arrow"><span></span></div> <div class="gallery-right-arrow"><span>></span></div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="gallery-wrapper"> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/World%20Cafe%201.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/World%20Cafe%201.jpg?itok=_EGnsi8K" width="220" height="165" alt="Example of World Café 1" title="Example of World Café 1" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/World%20Cafe%202.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/World%20Cafe%202.jpg?itok=Tznh-HjK" width="220" height="165" alt="Example of World Café 2" title="Example of World Café 2" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/World%20Cafe%203.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/World%20Cafe%203.jpg?itok=AzUMBZ_H" width="220" height="165" alt="Example of World Café 3" title="Example of World Café 3" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4><strong>Methods</strong></h4> <p>In the second part of the handbook, innovative and well-proven communication and participation methods are presented. Within the project, these have been highly suitable for a communication and participation process in flood risk management. The authors describe 16 different methods with respect to their purpose, area of application, aim of the method and context, target group, scale of application, costs, necessary skills, expected results, assessment of results, or key references.</p> <p>As one example of methods, the world café is described here in more detail. The World Café method is quite well established and its main aim is that people get in contact with each other, discuss and develop new ideas by the power of networking with a multitude of people. It can be used for strategic dialogue, multi-stakeholder engagement, multi-generational collaboration and cooperative action. Participants are seated on Café-style tables and are encouraged by the table host to write, doodle and draw key ideas on their tablecloths. Several rounds of the tables can be undertaken. Finally a period of sharing discoveries and insights in a whole group sums up the initiative.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Practical recommendations when planning and implementing a communication and participation process:</p> <ul> <li>Make a priority list and tackle the most important issues first.</li> <li>Make people feel concerned: they must understand that DRR is something that really is relevant for them and not just an administrative exercise.</li> <li>Involve people emotionally (positively!), e.g. by involving witnesses. But: do not make people afraid but raise awareness.</li> <li>Choose the right method for the respective target group as people have different social backgrounds and act in different social networks.</li> <li>Provide some striking/prominent examples/people.</li> <li>Be aware that your manpower and money are limited resources; the effectiveness of measures is important.</li> <li>Evaluate your communication material and public participation methods.</li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-public-participation-dyke-construction-timmendorfer-strand-ger" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: Public participation in dyke construction, Timmendorfer Strand (GER)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.imra.cnr.it/">Project IMRA</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>Katja Firus, Mark Fleischhauer, Stefan Greiving, Patrizia Grifoni, Therese Stickler (2011): Planning and implementing communication and public participation processes in flood risk management. Published in the joint project IMRA - Integrative flood risk governance approach for improvement of risk awareness and increased public participation. (<a href="http://www.partizipation.at/fileadmin/media_data/Downloads/Zukunftsdiskurse-Studien/imra_handbook.pdf">http://www.partizipation.at/fileadmin/media_data/Downloads/Zukunftsdiskurse-Studien/imra_handbook.pdf</a>)</h5> <h5>European Parliament and the Council of the European Union (2007): Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Assessment and Management of Flood Risks, published in the Official Journal (OJ L 288) on 6 November 2007.</h5> <h5>The World Café (2015): Quick Reference Guide for Hosting World Café.  Online: http://www.theworldcafe.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Cafe-To-Go-Revised.pdf</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/71" hreflang="en">Individual - private</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/70" hreflang="en">Local</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Mon, 12 Sep 2016 09:51:58 +0000 nst 92 at https://coastal-management.eu Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/multi-criteria-analysis-mca <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 09/12/2016 - 11:45</span> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) is one of the five tools used to assess the proposed measures in each of the RISC-KIT case studies with respect to criteria that capture the key dimensions of the decision-making process. The purpose of the MCA is to bridge the disciplinary divide between engineering sciences and social sciences, facilitate the communication and dissemination of project results to a broad audience, and to integrate scientific knowledge with local knowledge with the purpose of improving the assessment of coastal risks.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on the <a href="http://www.risckit.eu/np4/np4/386.html">RISC-KIT Results on MCA</a> and RISC KIT Deliverable 4.2 – Evaluation of DRR plans.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>MCA methodologies have been widely applied in environmental studies as they have proven useful tools when assessing performance of options against criteria that are difficult to quantify and involve qualitative aspects. In RISC-KIT, MCA is used in three ways: 1) as a way facilitate the communication and presentation of project results in a coherent and contextualized manner to relevant local stakeholders and decision-makers; 2) as a way to capture other types of knowledge, such as local every-day experiences, socio-economic and political factors that might affect how the proposed measures are perceived; and 3) as a way of facilitating interaction between local stakeholders and raising awareness of risks and potential measures.</p> <p>Results from the implementation of the MCA in RISC-KIT cases highlights several key lessons for future DRR projects with regards to a) the importance of sufficient preparation for participatory sessions; b) stakeholder interaction and inclusion in the DRR projects; c) the way research results are presented to non-research communities; d) and the challenges of implementing single-approaches to diverse contexts.</p> <p>In RISC-KIT MCAs are used to decide, among many options, which is the most convenient for most stakeholders in terms of a set of criteria (i.e. in flood and coastal risk management decisions can involve the construction of a flood alleviation channel or dredging a river, or harder engineering solution like the construction of barriers or dams). For RISC-KIT, an own MCA methodology is used to evaluate DRR strategies with respect to criteria that capture the key dimensions of the decision-making problem, involving human judgment and preferences (Saarikoski et al. 2015). MCA is about determining the extent to which options create value by achieving objectives, identify the areas of greater and lesser opportunity, prioritize the options, clarify the differences between the options, and help the key players to understand the situation better. Ultimately the use of the MCA in the project would allow each case study to test assumptions on the dynamics between DRR measures, between these measures and the specific social contexts, as reaction and responses from local actors to these measures. Outweighing different DRR measures in different contexts implies that different criteria need to be considered in order to assess which option is the best, for whom, for what, and when.</p> <h4>Selection of criteria</h4> <p>Criteria have been selected based on a literature review of the most important factors when contemplating, planning, financing, and implementing DRR measures. Studies identify factors such as social acceptance, political will, availability of financial resources and technological know-how, as crucial for increased investments in DRR measures (Davis et al. 2015). For the MCAs in RISC-KIT, three main categories of criteria were selected: Feasibility, Acceptability, and Sustainability. Feasibility refers to that (human, technical, time, and financial) resources required to implement the measure are available or can be acquired, whether the proposed measures address underlying concerns in society, whether the proposed location for implementing the measures is suitable for local needs and plans, and whether the proposed measure could have positive or negative impacts (e.g economic) to society at large. Acceptability refers to the expectations of stakeholders and recipients in the case studies sites. These actors may include civil society, interest groups, and influential individuals in society. Sustainability addresses the relevance of the measures in the present and future, its impact upon human activity and ecosystems, and the resilience of the measures to future changes.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-gallery field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="gallery-left-arrow"><span></span></div> <div class="gallery-right-arrow"><span>></span></div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="gallery-wrapper"> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/Example%20of%20MCA.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/Example%20of%20MCA.jpg?itok=9VXlQKvW" width="220" height="133" alt="Example of MCA (from Deliverable 4.2)" title="Example of MCA (from Deliverable 4.2)" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>MCA Steps in RISC-KIT</h4> <p>The MCA was carried in a workshop format and consisted of five steps:</p> <ol> <li><strong>Interactively present preliminary DRR measures from model results and agree on Strategic Alternatives</strong>: The MCA carried out in RISC-KIT was informed by the results produced through the Bayesian Network regarding the effectiveness of DRR measures to coastal risks. Through the use of the interactive materials, stakeholders were able to learn how the different measures behaved in light of different risk scenarios and their effectiveness in preventing coastal hazards like floods and erosion. Hereon, stakeholders had the possibility to collectively agree on the Strategic Alternatives (i.e., combinations of measures) that would be scored in the MCA</li> <li><strong>Score measures against criteria:</strong> Stakeholders assessed the performance of each Strategic Alternatives (SA) against criteria (e.g. how feasible/sustainable/acceptable/suitable are sand dunes as a measure to prevent coastal erosion in your area?) by first assigning a value ranging between -2 and +2, to each criterion per SA, on an individual basis. Once stakeholders had assigned all scores, they used colored post-it’s with pre-assigned values (-2 to +2) to write their individual scores once again, but this time make them public to the other stakeholders by pasting in a MCA flip chart. Once all scores were visible, stakeholders could engage in a facilitated discussion and agree on one score per criteria. In those cases where consensus could not be reached, individual scores were instead averaged.</li> <li><strong>Weigh criteria</strong>: to indicate criteria’s importance relative to the objective of the process (e.g., what criterion is most important to consider if sand dunes were to be implemented to reduce coastal erosion?). This was done through 2 main steps: first, stakeholders were handed out 8 stickers each which needed to be distributed on an individual basis in between the three criteria to indicate their importance. The more stickers a criterion received the heavier its weights. The second step took place once stakeholders had assigned individual weights. Each participant indicated the individual weights on the MCA flip chart so that they would be visible to the group. Thereafter the group engaged in a facilitate discussion to agree on a weight per criteria. Equal weights could be given to more than one criterion; however, it is common in MCA to give different weightings to different options, reflecting their importance in the overall objectives. In those cases were consensus was not reached, weights were averaged. Criteria were only weighted once, as it is assumed that their importance is constant across all SAs.</li> <li><strong>Calculate weighted scores of criteria</strong>: for each measure by multiplying scores times the weight for each criterion for all measures.</li> <li><strong>Generate sums</strong> per measure by adding the weighted scores for all criteria per SA and entering the total value in the row titled “SUMS” at the end of the MCA Matrix. The SA will the highest weighted scores was stakeholders’ preferred alternative. Picture 1 shows an example of a complete MCA.</li> </ol></div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/71" hreflang="en">Individual - private</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/70" hreflang="en">Local</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/69" hreflang="en">Regional</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Mon, 12 Sep 2016 09:45:39 +0000 nst 90 at https://coastal-management.eu Drainage system management https://coastal-management.eu/measure/drainage-system-management <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Drainage system management</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/27" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">giacomo.cazzola</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 09/06/2016 - 16:39</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/57" hreflang="en">Reduction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/61" hreflang="en">Surface Water Management</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/73" hreflang="en">Limited intervention</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/67" hreflang="en">Grey infrastructure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Urban drainage systems need to be able to deal with both wastewater and stormwater whilst minimizing problems to human life and the environment, including flooding. Urbanization has a significant effect on the impact of drainage flows on the environment: for example, where rain falls on impermeable artificial surfaces and is drained by a system of pipes, it passes much more rapidly to the receiving water body than it would have done when the catchment was in a natural state. This causes a more rapid build-up of flows and higher peaks, increasing the risk of flooding (and pollution) in the receiving water. Many urban drainage systems simply move a local flooding problem to another location and may increase the problem. In many developed counties there is a move away from piped systems, towards more natural systems for draining stormwater.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on: <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2241"><em>Jha, Abhas K., Robin Bloch, and Jessica Lamond. Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. World Bank Publications, 2012.</em></a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Where the drainage system of an urban area is piped, by a ‘sewer system’, there are two approaches in use: ‘combined’ or ‘separate’.</p> <p>The older parts of many cities (New York being an example) are drained using the combined system, whereby wastewater and stormwater are mixed and are carried together. The system takes the combined flow to the point of discharge into the natural water system, commonly via a wastewater treatment plant that discharges treated effluent. During heavy rainfall events, the stormwater flow will greatly dominate the wastewater flow in terms of volume, but it is hardly ever viable to provide sufficient capacity throughout the system for stormwater resulting from heavy rainfall, as the system would operate at a small fraction of its capacity during dry weather. Instead, structures are included in the system to permit overflow to a nearby watercourse. During significant rainfall events a significant volume of the flow is likely to overflow, rather than to continue to the wastewater treatment plant. As the overflowed water is generally a dilute mixture of wastewater and stormwater, these structures are designed hydraulically to prevent larger, visually offensive solids from being discharged to the river. However, the inescapable fact is that combined sewer overflows inevitably cause some pollution (Butler and Davies 2011).</p> <p>In the urban areas served by a combined system, capacity is similarly exceeded by extreme stormwater flows. Under these circumstances, the ‘surcharging’ of the system may cause flooding of the urban surface and, as the flood water will include wastewater, there are associated pollution and health implications.</p> <p>In a separate system, wastewater and stormwater are drained by separate pipes, often constructed in parallel. Wastewater is carried to the wastewater treatment plant, whereas stormwater is usually discharged direct to the nearest watercourse. The problem of combined sewer overflows is thereby avoided, but there are still challenges: stormwater discharge is usually untreated, and this may cause pollution. Stormwater may enter the wastewater pipe  either through mistaken or unauthorized connections; there may also be infiltration of groundwater at pipe imperfections. Because of the relative proportions of wastewater and stormwater during heavy rainfall, these additional inputs may significantly reduce the capacity of the pipe for the wastewater it was designed to carry.</p> <p>In urban areas without conventional piped sewer systems, disposal of excreta and wastewater is likely to be localized, though in some cases simplified (shallow and small diameter) pipes are used. Stormwater is most likely to be carried by open drains, typically unlined channels along the side of the street. Better constructed channels may be lined with stone or concrete, and may be integrated into the urban landscape. Open drains are far cheaper to construct than stormwater sewers, and although they can easily become blocked by debris or refuse from the surface, such blockages are more easily monitored and removed than in piped systems.</p> <p>Maintenance is vital, not only to remove obvious obstructions, but also cleaning out deposited sediment, and then disposing of the material so that it does not go back into the drain. In heavy rain, the capacity of an open urban drainage channel may quickly be exceeded; in a well planned system, overflow should be to a specified ‘<a href="http://coastal-management.eu/types-flood-storage">major system</a>’ such as a road which can act as a drainage channel.</p> <p>Where there is no adequate system for disposal of wastewater, there is a high likelihood that open drains will be contaminated by foul sewage. This could come from contributions from areas without sewers, or from discharge from simplified sewerage which does not lead to an adequate treatment facility. Open drains may also be misused for the disposal of domestic solid waste. Where the quality of stormwater carried in open drains is an issue for these reasons, there may be limited opportunities for using semi-natural systems of urban drainage that rely on the storage or infiltration of stormwater because of public health issues.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Butler D. and Davies J.W. 2011 Urban Drainage, 3rd edition. UK: Spon Press.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/71" hreflang="en">Individual - private</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/70" hreflang="en">Local</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Tue, 06 Sep 2016 14:39:06 +0000 giacomo.cazzola 63 at https://coastal-management.eu Exposed elements elevation https://coastal-management.eu/measure/exposed-elements-elevation <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Exposed elements elevation</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/27" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">giacomo.cazzola</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 09/06/2016 - 11:53</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/56" hreflang="en">Removal or relocation</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/73" hreflang="en">Limited intervention</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/67" hreflang="en">Grey infrastructure</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>'Elevation of buildings' and ' Land raising' are two separated measures with the aim to elevate exposed elements.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="http://coastal-management.eu/measure/wet-proofing-sealable-buildings">Based on kindly provided information on the Flood Management Tools Series by the Associated Programme on Flood Management</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h3>Elevation of building</h3> <p>In order to protect an existing building from flooding, elevation of the building is one retrofitting method. The two major types of elevating living spaces above the expected flood level are:</p> <p>1) lifting up a building on a new or extended foundation; and (2) extending a building upward by elevating the existing floor or adding a new upper story utilizing an existing foundation (FEMA, 2009). The first method separates the building from its foundation, raises it on a hydraulic jack, and constructs a new or extended foundation below it. The new and extended foundation can be continuous walls, or separate piers, posts, columns or piles and can be exposed to flooding. The second method removes the roof, extends the building walls, and constructs a raised floor. The abandoned lower area can then be used for parking, building access or storage.</p> <p>The height of elevation is determined by the expected flood level, that is, the lowest floor of the living space must be above the flood level, including freeboard. As with a <a href="http://coastal-management.eu/measure/wet-proofing-sealable-buildings">wetproofing </a>measure, the foundation of the elevated building must be able to withstand hydrostatic pressure, hydrodynamic pressure, debris impact, and erosion by flooding. Design experts should be consulted for these elevation projects to evaluate whether the existing foundations can support an increased load to the building. If the project site is subject to high winds, earthquakes, or other hazards, such horizontal and vertical forces must be also considered. More detailed elevation techniques are explained in “Homeowner’s Guide to Retrofitting” (FEMA, 2009).</p> <p>In response to Hurricane Katrina, FEMA evaluated building damage from the hurricane and provided recommendations on building structures in “Summary Report on Building Performance - Hurricane Katrina 2005” (FEMA, 2006). The assessment found that the buildings that survived the hurricane event have some elements in common, such as high first floor elevations, a well. embedded deep pile foundation, and structurally connected foundation and building frame.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h3>Land raising</h3> <p>In the United States, National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) regulations only allow landfill, encroachment, and other developments within a floodway if they are proven through standard hydrologic and hydraulic analyses not to increase flood levels in the community during the base flood discharge (FEMA, 1993). New developments and significant improvements are, in general, required to not cause negative impacts, not only to increasing flood heights, but also in creating additional threats to public safety, inducing extra public expenditure, creating nuisances, or conflicting with existing local regulations.</p> <p>Land raising (or placement of fill) requires an understanding of local site conditions, soil characteristics, methods of placing and compacting the land, etc. (FEMA, 2001). The permeability of soils affects water infiltration on the site, which in turn influences the safety of the foundations or basement structure. The higher the lowest floor of building is elevated in comparison with the expected flood level, the safer the building becomes. If the elevation of the building is not high enough compared to the expected flood level or if it includes a basement below the flood level, additional measures of dryproofing and elevating the building should also be considered.</p> <p>In order to combat hydrostatic force and buoyancy force, appropriate buffer zones   around a building should be installed with a setback distance from the edge of the flood hazard area. The fill soil should be homogeneous and of a low permeability. A drainage system installed around the building foundations with a sump pump can lower the level of seepage and make the structure safer. FEMA provides the method of calculating such seepage flow.</p> <p>Raising houses, tube wells, and latrines above the expected flood level is an effective flood mitigation measure in developing countries. In India, there are examples of raised platforms in flood shelters constructed for local people and their cattle (WMO, 2005). In rural Bangladesh, homestead plinths of local people were raised to reduce vulnerability to flood disaster (Practical Action Bangladesh, 2010). In order to reduce water-borne diseases, especially during periods of inundation, tube-well platforms were raised above the highest ever recorded flood level with freeboard.</p> <p>Major sanitation problems in flood.prone areas of developing countries are surface water contamination and difficult access to latrines during floods (Kazi and Rahman, 1999). Because overflow of a pit latrine poses serious health and environmental risks, the top of the latrine    is extended above the expected flood level to avoid flood water intrusion into the pit which would expand its volume. One effective measure of preventing groundwater contamination by latrines is to surround the pit latrine with a sand filter and make the bottom of the pit impermeable. These measures are very simple and easily implemented by local people; however raising awareness about sanitary conditions and motivating people is the key to success of these projects.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-concept-flood-proof-mooring-marina-ger" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: Concept of „flood proof mooring“ in a Marina (GER)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-floating-roads-hedel-nl" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: Floating roads, Hedel (NL)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/adaptation-options/floating-or-elevated-roads">ClimateAdapt on floating and elevated roads</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 1993b: Non-Residential Floodproofing - Requirements and Certification for Buildings Located in Special Flood Hazard Areas in accordance with the  National Flood Insurance Program. FIA.TB.3. www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1716</h5> <h5>FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 2001: Ensuring That Structures Built on Fill In or Near Special Flood Hazard Areas Are Reasonably Safe From Flooding in accordance with the National Flood Insurance Program. FIA.TB.10. www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1723</h5> <h5>FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 2006: Summary Report on Building Performance - Hurricane Katrina 2005. FEMA 548. www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1455</h5> <h5>FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 2009: Homeowner’s Guide to Retrofitting - Six Ways to Protect Your Home From Flooding. FEMA P.312, Second Edition. www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1420</h5> <h5>Kazi, N.M. and M. Rahman, 1999: Sanitation strategies for flood-prone areas. 25th WEDC Conference Integrated Developement for Water Supply and Sanitation , Addis Ababa. www.perusan.org/sysnet/publico/biblioteca/experiencias/saneamientozonasinundables/Flood%20latrine%20Brief%20Bangladesh.pdf</h5> <h5>Practical Action Bangladesh, 2010: Elements of disaster resilience: lessons from Bangladesh. Mainstreaming Livelihood-Centred Approaches to Disaster Management Project. practicalaction.org/disaster.management.bangladesh</h5> <h5>WMO (World Meteorological Organization), 2005: Manual on Community Approach to Flood Management in India. Associated Programme on Flood Management. www.apfm.info/pdf/pilot_projects/manual_india.pdf</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/71" hreflang="en">Individual - private</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/70" hreflang="en">Local</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Tue, 06 Sep 2016 09:53:01 +0000 giacomo.cazzola 61 at https://coastal-management.eu Exposed element relocation and removal https://coastal-management.eu/measure/exposed-element-relocation-and-removal <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Exposed element relocation and removal</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/27" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">giacomo.cazzola</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 09/06/2016 - 10:59</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/36" hreflang="en">Erosion</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/56" hreflang="en">Removal or relocation</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/72" hreflang="en">Managed retreat</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/67" hreflang="en">Grey infrastructure</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Moving a building out of the existing flood hazard area is the safest solution among several retrofit-ting methods; however it is also usually the most expensive method (FEMA, 2009). When a community acquires a flood-prone home from the owner, relocation is often applied, as well as demolition of the building. The relocation is not only limited to buildings, it can also be applied to other exposed coastal infrastructure.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="http://www.apfm.info/publications/tools/APFM_Tool_15.pdf">Based on kindly provided information on the Flood Management Tools Series by the Associated Programme on Flood Management</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Relocation includes the following process: lifting up a building from its foundation, placing it on a trailer, transporting it to a new safe area, and setting it onto a new foundation. As with the elevation of a building, a relocated building must be structurally sound enough to withstand all the stresses during the relocation process. Similar techniques as used for the elevation of buildings are used for lifting and setting a building structure. The moving process requires trailer wheel sets to be placed beneath steel beams supporting the building. The size and weight of a building affects the relocation process and the necessary equipment. A single- story, wooden framed building with a rectangular shape is easier to be relocated than a multi- story, solid masonry one.</p> <p>Given that relocation requires a moving route between the old and new sites, this adds additional consideration because of the route restrictions, such as width of roads, load limits on bridges, and clearance of facilities along the route. If a building is too large to fit on any moving route, it may be cut into sections, moved separately, and reassembled at the new site. Taking public roads and changing utility lines requires the necessary permits from local governments or utility companies. The relocated building also needs to meet all zoning ordinances and building codes in the new site.</p> <p>Because relocation is a costly but effective method to prevent recurrence of flood damage, it is often used for preserving historical buildings and monuments. The City of Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA was severely hit by the Red River flood in April 1997 (FEMA, 2001). The Boomtown Building, one of the city’s oldest structures and a property of the National Register of Historic Places, was also a casualty of the flood. In order to make way for a new dike, the building had to move to another location with the financial support of the city.</p> <p>Another famous example of relocation of an historical monument is shown by the Abu Simbel tem-ples in Egypt. Following the rise of the Nile waters as a result of the construction of the Aswan High Dam, a multinational team of archaeologists, engineers and skilled heavy equipment operators working together under the UNESCO banner, began in 1964 the salvage of the Abu Simbel temples. Between 1964 and 1968, the entire site was carefully cut into large blocks (up to 30 tons, averaging 20 tons), dismantled, lifted and reassembled in a new location 65 meters higher and 200 meters back from the river, for a total cost of some USD 40 million at the time (De Carvalho, 1966).</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Success factors:</p> <ul> <li>In areas with low population densities, the costs of retreat (including compensation and infrastructure costs) could be significantly less than other grey or green measures to protect assets where they are.</li> <li>The retreat of settlements and infrastructure can be combined with the recreation of natural features, such as vegetation buffers, wetlands, dunes, that can provide landscape and biodiversity benefits as well as protection against erosion, debris flows and floods.</li> <li>Retreat policies are likely to be more successful and receive stronger public support if they are designed in a long-term perspective.</li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-managed-retreat-surfers-point-california-usa" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: Managed Retreat at Surfer’s Point, California (USA)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-relocation-criel-sur-mer-normandy-fr" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: Relocation in Criel sur Mer, Normandy (FR)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-relocation-clavell-tower-dorset-uk" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: Relocation of Clavell Tower, Dorset (UK)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/adaptation-options/retreat-from-high-risk-areas">ClimateAdapt on relocation</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://migration.unu.edu/publications/policy-briefs/changing-climate-moving-people-framing-migration-displacement-and-planned-relocation.html">UN Migration Network: Changing climate, moving people: Framing migration, displ…</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h6>De Carvalho, G., 1966: The sun rises as Pharaoh Planned, LIFE Magazine, Vol. 61, No. 23, 2 December 1966.</h6> <h6>FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 2001a: Journeys - North Dakota’s Trail Towards Disaster Resistance. www.fema.gov/about/regions/regionviii/journeys.shtm</h6> <h6>FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 2009: Homeowner’s Guide to Retrofitting - Six Ways to Protect Your Home From Flooding. FEMA P.312, Second Edition. www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1420</h6></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/71" hreflang="en">Individual - private</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/70" hreflang="en">Local</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Tue, 06 Sep 2016 08:59:51 +0000 giacomo.cazzola 60 at https://coastal-management.eu Dry proofing - sealing and shielding https://coastal-management.eu/measure/dry-proofing-sealing-and-shielding <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Dry proofing - sealing and shielding</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/27" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">giacomo.cazzola</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 09/06/2016 - 10:23</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/57" hreflang="en">Reduction</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/74" hreflang="en">Deal with the effects</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/67" hreflang="en">Grey infrastructure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Dryproofing makes a building watertight and substantially impermeable to floodwaters (FEMA, 1993). Compared to <a href="http://coastal-management.eu/node/57">wetproofing</a>, dryproofing requires a more reinforced building structure to withstand floodwater pressures and impact forces caused by debris. Other important factors to be considered in dryproofing are watertight closures for doors and windows, prevention of floodwater seepage through walls, and check valves to prevent reverse flows from sewage.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="http://www.apfm.info/publications/tools/APFM_Tool_15.pdf">Based on kindly provided information on the Flood Management Tools Series by the Associated Programme on Flood Management</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Before selecting dryproofing as a viable floodplain management tool, numerous factors must be considered, such as flood warning time, purpose of building usages, mode of building entry and exit, flood depths, floodwater velocities, floating debris impact, flood frequency,  etc. The flood proof function must work sufficiently for design flood level and additional freeboard is recommended because flood depth estimation includes a certain error and may be influenced by future development in the basin.</p> <p>Sufficient warning time, which is calculated by the rate of floodwater rise and the existing flood warning system, is necessary for evacuation from a flood prone building, for installation of removable flood shields or gates, and for operation of sump pumps and check valves. If the warning time is limited, for example the structure is located in a flash flood area, flood proofed buildings should not be considered as the necessary operations to make it flood proof will require too much time. FEMA suggests flood velocity of 5 ft/s (1.5 m/s) and flood depth of 3 feet (90 cm) as thresholds for adopting dryproofing. If the flood exceeds these limits, the cost of dryproofing may become too significant and the dryproofing method is therefore not feasible. Any areas susceptible to severe debris flow, such as mountainous regions or areas facing ice flow in winter, are not suitable for flood proofed buildings in a cost.effective manner.</p> <p>The building structure must be able to resist four types of flood.related forces: (1) hydrostatic flood force that freestanding water exerts on a submerged object; (2) buoyancy force that a building receives from surrounding floodwaters; (3) hydrodynamic force that vertical surfaces receive from moving floodwaters; and (4) debris impact force to withstand the flood.borne debris strikes on the side of building. FEMA provides an estimation formula for each force (Appendix 2). For more detailed standards of dryproofing structure design, FEMA has a comprehensive guidance and case study report “Engineering Principles and Practices for Retrofitting Flood.Prone Residential Structures” (FEMA, 2012).</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Flood Shields for Openings</h4> <p>Doors, windows and air vents of buildings are potential flow paths where flood water runs into properties (DCLG, 2007). Raising the threshold of doors as high as possible without disturbing accessibility is a primary prevention measure. Sealed polyvinyl chloride (PVC) framed doors are a more preferable option than wooden doors and the doors should be properly fitted to their frames. Windows are also vulnerable to flood water and preventive measures of fitting and sealing similar to those for doors should be taken. The windows should adequately resist the pressure of flood water and prevent damage that could be caused by debris flows. Regarding ventilation vents, special designs of air vents that prevent water from entering into the premises are available on the market.</p> <h4>Temporary flood protection system</h4> <p>A temporary and removable flood protection system is provided in locations where permanent flood defences would not be suitable because they are not technically, economically or environmentally feasible (DEFRA, 2011). The temporary system includes a pre-installed system that requires operation; the system may be installed in a pre.constructed foundation, or it may also be a system where the whole of it is movable and needs to be installed. DEFRA defines the first two systems as “demountable systems” and the third one as a “temporary system” . These systems are further classified by their different structures, such as earth filled containers, air and water filled tubes, and panel type flood barriers.</p> <p>In contrast to a permanent flood protection system, a temporary system brings  an additional risk of operational failure. Taking this fact into consideration, a permanent system should be given priority if it is feasible and locally acceptable. In the event of a temporary system being adopted, it should be ensured that the movable parts of the system are at a minimum and that the reliability of all the operational processes including mobilization, installation and closure are at a maximum. If the temporary system requires significant preparation time, it is suitable for location at the downstream of a large river basin.</p> <p>A temporary flood protection system can allow a dual function by ensuring effective flood control performance without obstructing the ordinary use of the building, for example access through a floodwall, or parking lot turning into a flood protection site. A temporary system also adds additional safety to a permanent system, which is often the case in critical disaster situations. There are several factors affecting the risk of operational failure, such as sufficient lead.in time, reliability of flood forecasting and warning, system maintenance, and training of operators. Because the flood warning system usually triggers the operational process of the temporary system, technical and human operational reliability is a pre-requisite for the temporary system. Regular training and emergency exercises together with flood operation manuals increase the reliability of the total system. Different temporary systems need different levels of installation skills and preparation time. Site.specific conditions, such as the location of the stockyard of the system parts, transportation means, and available resources of personnel and equipment, also affect the selection of an appropriate temporary system. Detailed advantages and disadvantages of different temporary systems and commercially available products are explained in “Temporary and Demountable Flood Defences” (DEFRA, 2011).<em>     </em></p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.climatetechwiki.org/content/flood-proofing ">Climate Tech Wiki on Flood proofing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 1993: Non-Residential Floodproofing - Requirements and Certification for Buildings Located in Special Flood Hazard Areas in accordance with the National Flood Insurance Program. FIA.TB.3. www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1716</h5> <h5>FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 2012: Engineering Principles and Practices for Retrofitting Flood-Prone Residential Structures (Third Edition). https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1506-20490-2593/fema259_complete_rev.pdf</h5> <h5>DCLG (Department for Communities and Local Government), 2007: Improving the Flood Performance of New Buildings – Flood Resilient  Construction. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/7730/flood_performance.pdf</h5> <h5>DEFRA (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs ), 2011: Temporary and Demountable Flood Protection Guide. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/290837/scho0711buak-e-e.pdf</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/71" hreflang="en">Individual - private</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Tue, 06 Sep 2016 08:23:16 +0000 giacomo.cazzola 59 at https://coastal-management.eu Wet proofing - Sealable buildings https://coastal-management.eu/measure/wet-proofing-sealable-buildings <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Wet proofing - Sealable buildings</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/27" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">giacomo.cazzola</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 08/31/2016 - 14:38</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/57" hreflang="en">Reduction</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/74" hreflang="en">Deal with the effects</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/67" hreflang="en">Grey infrastructure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Wetproofing (or wet floodproofing) is different from <a href="http://coastal-management.eu/node/59">dryproofing </a>in that it allows flood water to enter a structure, though both floodproofing methods have the same purpose, that of preventing damage to the structure and its contents and creating no additional threats to public safety (FEMA, 1993).</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="http://www.apfm.info/publications/tools/APFM_Tool_15.pdf">Based on kindly provided information on the Flood Management Tools Series by the Associated Programme on Flood Management</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Equalizing water levels on the inside and outside of a building by wetproofing can result in some advantages for the building structure. Firstly, because the difference in interior and exterior water levels causes hydrostatic pressure on the building walls, equalizing water levels by keeping the change at the same rate minimizes the hydrostatic pressure and thus the building does not require such a strong structure to withstand such pressure. Secondly, inside water reduces the buoyancy effect of hydrostatic uplift forces. Although a wetproofed building is relatively less affected by hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces, the structure must be adequately anchored to prevent floatation, collapse, or lateral movement. Without engaging in major structural reform, wetproofing is often a more cost effective measure for  buildings.</p> <p>On the other hand, disadvantages of wetproofing are obviously caused by water entering the building. To prevent damage to the contents of a building, mechanical and utility facilities (such as electrical, heating, ventilation, plumbing, and air conditioning equipment) must be elevated above the expected flood level or must be protected from flood water entering or accumulating within the various components. Empty liquid containers, including the ones buried underground, should withstand a buoyant force by anchoring or even filling them with potable water before flooding (of course, after the flood quality control should be established and implemented before using the water stored in the tank). Because windows are especially vulnerable to flood waters and debris, protective screens, reinforced glass and impact.resistant plastic are recommended solutions.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Before adopting the wetproofing method, the site situation should be carefully considered. Wetproofing is not appropriate if the site experiences rapidly rising flood water, high.velocity flood waters, and a short flood warning time. In this case, elevation or relocation of buildings are more preferable solutions. If a wetproofed facility requires some preparation time for minimizing flood damage, for example shifting or elevating equipment or content, sufficient warning time is necessary. If the facility needs to be accessed during flooding, safe access routes should be secured for either escaping from, or gaining access to, the site.</p> <p>Because most of the existing facilities do not expect to come into contact with water and often use permeable construction materials, retrofitting wetproofing techniques by applying flood resistant materials are necessary. The materials must be resistant to flood forces, deterioration caused by repeated inundation, and excessive moisture and humidity during and after flooding. Because flood water contains silt, chemicals, and organic materials, which can be hazardous to the structure and the residents, the structure and the materials need to be easily cleaned without leaving any contaminants. Concrete, hard brick, plastic, metal, and pressure.treated wood are possibly suitable materials for covering walls and floors. Cleaning up after a flood includes washing and disinfecting walls, floors, and other surfaces. Because flood.induced mould and contaminants are hazardous to human health, wetproofing is not suitable for living spaces (FEMA, 2009). After the cleaning process, the drying out process can take up to six weeks to remedy any structural damage and health problems.</p> <p>Another category for which adopting wetproofing could be considered includes structures located near water and functionally dependent on water uses, such as docking, seafood processing, port facilities, and ship repair facilities. Moreover wetproofing may be suitable for agricultural structures used for production, harvesting, storage and drying, provided that agricultural commodities and livestock are raised and kept dryproof.</p> <p>Wetproofed structures must meet the required technical standards, conducting site-specific evaluation by technical experts or designated government offices, if necessary. In addition   to the standards, all kinds of local or national regulations, building codes, etc. should be met. It should be noted that some local regulations may exceed national regulations. Combining wetproofing with dryproofing and elevation may achieve optimal protection for the site. Before implementation, an economical assessment and evaluation is required to understand if the cost of business interruption and cleanup activities may make wetproofing less feasible in comparison with dryproofing.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.climatetechwiki.org/content/flood-proofing ">Climate Tech Wiki on Flood proofing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><p>FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 1993: Non-Residential Floodproofing - Requirements and Certification for Buildings Located in Special Flood Hazard Areas in accordance with the National Flood Insurance Program. FIA.TB.3. www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1716</p> <p>FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 2009: Homeowner’s Guide to Retrofitting - Six Ways to Protect Your Home From Flooding. FEMA P.312, Second Edition. www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1420</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/71" hreflang="en">Individual - private</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 31 Aug 2016 12:38:10 +0000 giacomo.cazzola 57 at https://coastal-management.eu