Ecosystem based approach https://coastal-management.eu/ en EXAMPLE: Reconnecting lakes to the Yangtze River (CHN) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-reconnecting-lakes-yangtze-river-chn <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Reconnecting lakes to the Yangtze River (CHN)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 02/16/2017 - 12:16</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/58" hreflang="en">Natural flood, runoff, catchment management</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/65" hreflang="en">Ecosystem based approach</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The 6,300 km long Yangtze River in China was facing a reduction of wetlands areas and flood retention capacity. In 2002, the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) initiated a programme to reconnect lakes in Hubei<br /> Province to the Yangtze River through opening the sluice gates and facilitating sustainable lake<br /> management. These wetlands can store floodwaters and therefore reducing vulnerability to flooding in the central Yangtze region.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="http://web.unep.org/ecosystems/sites/default/files/uploads/resource/file/Green%20infrastructure%20Guide.pdf">Based on kindly provided information by UNEP's "Green Infrastructure Guide for Water Management: Ecosystem-based Management Approaches to Water-related Infrastructure Projects " (UNEP, 2014)</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>The Yangtze River is 6,300 km long and home to more than 400 million people. The river basin drains a 1,800,000 km basin and has extensive lakes and floodplains of significant environmental and retention importance. In the summer, the basin experiences floods, especially in the central Yangtze. Extensive development in the last fifty years has converted 1,066 lakes 757 coverings along 2,150 km2 into polders, reducing wetland areas by 80% and flood retention capacity by 75%.</p> <p>Since 1991 there have been several highly damaging flood events that have killed thousands of people and cost billions of dollars. The Lakes and basin have also become extremely polluted, in particular because of the application of fertilizer to aquaculture pens. The loss of connection to the Yangtze River prevents diluting flows and the migration of fish. Drought in recent years has increased water pollution, and climate change and increased temperatures are expected to worsen eutrophication</p> <p>In 2002, the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) initiated a programme of sustainable lake management to reconnect the lakes in the Hubai Province to the Yangtze River through opening the sluice gates. The programme focused on three lakes: Zhangdu (40 km2), Hong (348 km2 and Tian’e Zhou (20 km2). Given the poverty of the populations in the region, finding alternative and sustainable livelihoods and sources of income was important. The average income of residents in the area was just USD 1.34 per day. WWF formed partnerships with government agencies and others to explore options for more sustainable river basin management.           </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Ecosystem-based aspects</h4> <p>Since 2004-2005 in Hubei Province, the sluice gates at lakes Zhengdu, Hong and Tien’e Zhou have been seasonally re-opened and illegal and uneconomic aquaculture facilities and other infrastructure removed or modified. Now these 448 km2 wetlands can store up to 285 Mm3 of floodwaters, reducing vulnerability to flooding in the central Yangtze region.</p> <p>The forced ending or removal of illegal or unsustainable aquaculture have reduced pollution levels. In Lake Hong, pollution fell from national pollution level IV (fit for agricultural use only) to II (drinkable) on China’s five-point scale.</p> <p>Of immediate benefit for the Yangtze River Basin was the increase in wild fisheries species diversity and populations. Within six months of reconnection of Zhangdu Lake, the catch increased by 17 per cent and nine fish species returned to the lake. Similarly the catch increased by 15 per cent in Baidang Lake. Development of certified eco-fish farming by 412 households increased income of fishers by 20 to 30 per cent on average. Similarly, the income from fisheries at the Yangcai Hu area of Hong Lake increased by 25 per cent after restoration. Bamboo farming has also been implemented as a measure to stabilize steeper lands near the lakes. Twelve migratory fish species have now returned to the lakes. At Zhangdu Lake, 60 km2 of lake and marshland were designated as a nature reserve by the Wuhan Municipal Government. To strengthen the effectiveness of wetland conservation efforts in the Yangtze River basin, a Nature Reserve Network was established to link 17 nature reserves (12 later designated) covering 4,500 km2. As a result of these benefits, in 2006 the Hubei Provincial Government adopted a wetlands conservation master plan and allocated resources to protect 4,500 km2 by 2010.</p> <p>The success of these adaptations was replicated in other areas of the Yangtze and China.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Combined using a green and grey approach. The implementation of sluice gates allowed for seasonal opening and reconnection of regional lakes to the Yangtze River. Reconnecting the water flows required the removal of some aquaculture businesses, but brought up overall levels of fisheries in the river basin with significantly more migratory species returning to the area, which in turn boosted incomes of local fishers. The environmental effects also significantly improved water quality which was extremely polluted prior to the facilitation of water flow via connecting the lakes to the tributaries.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/flood-storage-systems" hreflang="en">Flood storage systems</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 16 Feb 2017 11:16:41 +0000 nst 294 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Constructed wetlands to compensate for urbanization in souther Finland (FIN) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-constructed-wetlands-compensate-urbanization-souther-finland-fin <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Constructed wetlands to compensate for urbanization in souther Finland (FIN)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 02/16/2017 - 10:00</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/61" hreflang="en">Surface Water Management</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/65" hreflang="en">Ecosystem based approach</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In Finland urban wetlands are being implemented to help improve water quality, absorb storm water volume and flow control, and improve the land-water habitats for urban communities. The wetlands are designed to respond to the needs and negative impacts of urbanization and therefore, public acceptance and multifunctional benefits are central to the design and implementation of the wetlands. The acceptance and understanding of the importance of urban dwellers is important and thus the project sought to demonstrate several benefits of functional wetlands.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on Wahlroos et al. (2015): <span><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21513732.2015.1006681">Urban wetland parks in Finland: improving water quality and creating endangered habitats</a>. In: </span> <span><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Urban wetland parks in Finland: improving water quality and creating endangered habitats</span></span><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">. In: International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management Volume 11, Issue 1: Pages 46-60</span></p> <p> </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>Urbanization is affecting water quality and there is increasing severity of flooding and drought periods in Southern Finland. This is expected to become worse because of climate change. During flooding events, run off from rain and melting snow are quickly carried over urban surfaces and overwhelm receiving streams. Habitat degradation is occurring as harmful water from urban areas is transferred into connected habitats. These urban streams in turn cause flooding and channel erosion. The creation of wetlands is an alternative ecosystem approach to conventional responses that have been to seal natural waterways into culverts or clearing, and stabilization for augmented conveyance and erosion control. </p> <p>Two urban wetlands, the Nummela Gateway and the Nummela Niittu were designed and implemented. The wetlands are 6ha and 7ha respectively and are within 550 ha of the urbanized Kilsoi stream watershed in the catchment of Lake Enäjärvi, in the Nummela community, Municipality of Vihti, Southern Finland. The lake has poor water quality from algal blooms and fish kills that result from runoff from its catchments and phosphorus load from human activities. The Stream Kilsoi is an inland clay-soil stream that drains into the Baltic Sea. The habitat type and clay-stream is red listed in the Red list Assessment of Finnish habitat types as critically endangered.</p> <h4>Ecosystem-based aspects</h4> <p>The creation of wetlands is an ecosystem approach and replaced hard infrastructure and conventional responses that have previously been implemented in the area to control storm water volume. In the past, the convention has been to seal natural waterways into culverts or clearing, and stabilization for augmented conveyance and erosion control. </p> <p>The two wetlands, Nummela Gateway and the Nummela Niittu, were established over five years and closely monitored. The ecosystem service that was deemed most important for the wetlands to provide was water quality management. Water treatment by wetlands depends on the plants and their associated microbes. Storm water and flooding events are the main carriers of potential pollutants from urban areas, and thus a high density and diversity of plans and microbes is necessary. In this case, the native origin of the plants was also found to be important to protect urban streams from the erosive effects of storms and snowmelts. Plant self-establishment occurred quickly and construction only required the monitoring of water levels, especially during winter. The existing shoreline and old drainage ditches acted as a seedbank and no maintenance of native plants was necessary.</p> <p>In addition to improving biodiversity, water quality improvements were also achieved. There was an increase in phosphorus reduction after the third year. Despite that the Gateway wetland is just 0.1% of its 550 ha watershed area, it does achieve an annual 10% for total phosphorus reduction.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The establishment of two wetlands near to an urbanized area was able to mitigate against various challenges stemming from urbanization. The Gateway and Niittu wetlands were successful in creating high biodiversity at the clay-stream habitats and relied on little human maintenance due to the naturally occurring habitat which was conducive to wetland creation and existence.</p> <p>Some compromises were made in order to ensure the acceptance of the wetlands and their appreciation and support by the community. Both wetlands were designed to accommodate open water areas for recreational purposes and thus do not fulfill the most efficient capacity for pollution removal.</p> <p>Despite the establishment of the wetlands, they do not address source control directly which remains an issue. If action is taken to reduce pollution at the source, then the wetlands will be more productive in response.</p> <p>Continued monitoring during and after the establishment of the wetlands allowed for there to be definitive conclusions on the impact of the created wetlands on water pollution mitigation, self establishment of vegetation, and biodiversity development. Water quality improvements were demonstrated with continuous monitoring which would not have been deciphered via discrete water sampling.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/wetland-restoration" hreflang="en">Wetland restoration</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><strong>Main source: </strong>Outi Wahlroos, Pasi Valkama, Emmi Mäkinen, Anne Ojala, Harri Vasander, Veli-Matti Väänänen, Anna Halonen, Leena Lindén, Petri Nummi, Hannele Ahponen, Kirsti Lahti, Teuvo Vessman, Kari Rantakokko & Eero Nikinmaa (2015): </span><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21513732.2015.1006681"><span><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Urban wetland parks in Finland: improving water quality and creating endangered habitats</span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">. In: International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management Volume 11, Issue 1: Pages 46-60</span></h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 16 Feb 2017 09:00:50 +0000 nst 293 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Restoring Riparian Forests (BG) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-restoring-riparian-forests-bg <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Restoring Riparian Forests (BG)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Fri, 01/27/2017 - 11:08</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/58" hreflang="en">Natural flood, runoff, catchment management</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/65" hreflang="en">Ecosystem based approach</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Floodplain or riparian forests can be extremely important for the prevention of floods and landslides. Floodplain forests used to be widespread in Bulgaria, but today they are only partially preserved. WWF, in partnership with local Bulgarian partners began a project for restoration and conservation of natural riparian forests of native species along the rivers Danube and Maritsa.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on the project description of the <a href="http://www.wwf.bg/what_we_do/forests/riparian_forests/about_the_project/">WWF </a>and <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.dspPage&n_proj_id=5083">LIFE+</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>Riparian forests are rich in biodiversity, naturally purifying water, and can prevent floods and landslides. During heavy rain falls, riparian forests collect the water and then slowly return some in the riverbeds, therefore slowing down the water flow. Riparian forests create unique conditions that control and influence the transfer of energy, nutrients and sediments between the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.</p> <p>These riparian forests have experienced frequent disturbance by human impact, resulting in a continuous decrease of the habitat area. In recent decades, they have suffered from a wide range of detrimental actions including: clear fellings; transformation into arable lands or hybrid plantations for intensive production of timber; cleaning/correction of riverbeds; and infrastructure projects or activities (such as the construction of small hydropower plants and the extraction of inert materials). Such long-term adverse human impacts lead to degradation of the priority habitat and negative changes in its structure, composition, stability and functionality.</p> <p>The WWF together with local Bulgarian partners (National Forestry and regional forestry directorates "Ruse" and "Plovdiv") have applied for a LIFE+ project to restore 48.1 hectares of natural riparian forests. They will plant local tree species and remove exotic species. A guide will be developed for the recovery and management of riparian forests as well as an analysis of the relationship between the targeted areas and the other Natura 2000 sites. Additionally, volunteers will actively be engage in the project and in particular highschool students, who will help with the planting of trees.</p> <p>The project is co-funded by the LIFE + instrument of the European Commission and will be implemented from September 2014 to 2019 with a total budget of around 500.000€.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Restoring riparian forests can not only mitigate flooding problems to a certain extent, it also provides additional ecosystem services. While this concept could be difficult to implement in coastal urban areas due to the lack of space, it can be a valuable approach in rural areas. But also in rural the aspect of sufficient space is probably the most crucial factor in implementing the measure. If this initial obstacle is solved, the reforestation is a promising ecosystem-based approach.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/reafforestation-upland-areas-and-buffer-zones" hreflang="en">Reafforestation in upland areas and buffer zones</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.wwf.bg/what_we_do/forests/riparian_forests/about_the_project/">WWF project description</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.dspPage&n_proj_id=5083">LIFE+ project description</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Fri, 27 Jan 2017 10:08:18 +0000 nst 285 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Wallasea Island Wild Coast project (UK) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-wallasea-island-wild-coast-project-uk <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Wallasea Island Wild Coast project (UK)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 01/16/2017 - 13:39</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/36" hreflang="en">Erosion</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/60" hreflang="en">Channel, Coastal and Floodplain Works</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/59" hreflang="en">Water flow regulation</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/73" hreflang="en">Limited intervention</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/65" hreflang="en">Ecosystem based approach</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The aim of the Wallasea Island Wild Coast project is to recreate a natural intertidal coastal marshland to combat the threat of climate-induced coastal flooding. The recreated mudflats, salt and brackish marshes, saline lagoons, and pastures will provide a range of habitats for coastal birds and other wildlife on the Essex coast.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="https://www.rspb.org.uk/our-work/our-positions-and-campaigns/campaigning-for-nature/casework/details.aspx?id=tcm:9-235089">Based on information from the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>The project uses a technique known as “<a href="http://coastal-management.eu/measure/managed-realignment">managed realignment</a>” to recreate an intertidal habitat through the breaching of existing seawalls at strategic locations. These breaches, or holes, allow sea water in, and various kinds of ecosystems can be created depending on the height of the land being flooded. The land of the Wallasea Island will be heightened and extended using the clay, chalk, and gravel excavated from new underground rail line connections in central London. In total, nearly 1500 acres of tidal wildlife habitat will be transformed or created new, including approximately 133ha of mudflat, 276ha of salt marsh, 53ha of saline lagoons, 11ha of brackish marsh, 160ha of grassland, and 15ha of rotational arable fields.</p> <p>Historically, Wallasea ‘Island’ comprised as many as five individual salt marsh islands. When seawall defences were added to the area to prevent coastal erosion, the landscape eventually evolved into the shape that can be seen today.</p> <p>Since 2008, the Wallasea Island Wild Coast project has been in partnership with an underground rail line development project called Crossrail. The clay, chalk, and gravel excavated from their tunnelling in central London will be reused to heighten and transform the coastlines of the Wallasea area. The addition of these materials to raise land and extend coastlines is expected to allow approximately 2.1Mm<sup>3</sup> of tidal water to enter the area once the sea walls are breached. This would require around 7.5Mm<sup>3</sup> of imported fill material. The construction schedule to achieve the objectives of the managed realignment plan is determined by the delivery schedule of the materials from the Crossrail project, and is planned between 2016 and 2019.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The site is located near one of the world’s most important estuaries and one of Europe’s largest economic regeneration zones: the Thames Gateway. The Crouch and Roach Estuaries bordering Wallasea Island have been recognized, under the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds, as a Special Protection Area, a Special Area of Conservation, and a Wetland of International Importance through the Ramsar Convention.</p> <p>In July 2009, the final design of the project received planning approval. Local authorities, yacht clubs, and various organizations were publically consulted and included in developing and designing the project plan.</p> <h4>Innovative Aspects</h4> <p>The Wallasea Island Wild Coast project is a bold initiative to address the alarming amount of coastal change that has happened in this region of Europe. Over the past 400 years, the Essex coast has lost over 91% of its intertidal salt marshes due to accelerating coastal erosion and competition with agriculture for land. The project has set a high standard for 21<sup>st</sup> century conservation and engineering efforts, and is at a scale never before attempted in the UK. It jointly considers ecological and economic factors, for the benefit of future visitors, wildlife, and local community members for decades to come.</p> <p>Perhaps the most innovative aspect of the project is the landmark partnership and collaboration between the project operators, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), and the underground rail development project Crossrail. By deciding to reuse the excavated materials from London’s new underground connections to achieve the managed realignment objectives of Wallasea Island, the two projects set a global standard for how waste material from large-scale infrastructure projects does not have to be disposed of in a landfill. Instead, excavated soils, clays, and rocks can provide flood protection to coastal communities and refortify coastal ecosystems. Equally, the project cooperation showed that it is possible to transport large amounts of excavation spoil from London to the Essex coast in a safe and reliable way.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The Wallasea Island Wild Coast project showed that despite the challenges, major land realignment can be undertaken in a sustainable way. The use of excavated materials from the London Crossrail project also illustrated a mutually beneficial solution for both stakeholder groups and is an example of cooperation that leads to smart solutions for the benefit of the environment.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/marsh-vegetation-intertidal-and-coastal-zone" hreflang="en">Marsh vegetation in intertidal and coastal zone</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/ES_tcm9-290549.pdf">PDF: Documentation about the project</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Mon, 16 Jan 2017 12:39:10 +0000 nst 227 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Titchwell Marsh (UK) seawalls and managed realignment https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-titchwell-marsh-uk-seawalls-and-managed-realignment <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Titchwell Marsh (UK) seawalls and managed realignment</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 01/16/2017 - 09:31</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/36" hreflang="en">Erosion</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/60" hreflang="en">Channel, Coastal and Floodplain Works</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/65" hreflang="en">Ecosystem based approach</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Located on England’s North Norfolk coast, the Titchwell Marsh is a key piece of the North Norfolk Coast Special Protection Area (SPA) and Special Area of Conservation (SAC). This coastal wetland ecosystem includes freshwater and brackish habitats and is currently protected from the erosive power of waves by seawalls which are becoming increasingly weakened.</p> <p>The Titchwell Marsh Coastal Change Project aims to protect vital freshwater habitats from both coastal erosion and sea level rise through managed realignment and seawall reinforcement, and mitigate and compensate for the loss of important brackish habitats.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/case-studies/coastal-protection-by-managed-realignment-titchwell-marsh">Based on the information available on CLIMATE-ADAPT Platform</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>The eastern coast of England is known to have an abundant amount of birdlife, which makes the environmental pressures of sea-level rise and coastal erosion even more concerning. In fact, much of the coast suffers from what is known as a “coastal squeeze” where sea walls and other infrastructure actually prevent the natural mobility of intertidal habitats. The managed realignment strategy at Titchwell Marsh, including seawall reinforcement and intentional breaching, is a response to this.</p> <p>Through the project, the existing western wall was strengthened, a new wall was constructed, and a breach was made in one of the walls to connect the brackish marsh to the tidal salt marsh in the east, taking into consideration the flow direction and locations of creeks. The sea walls are expected to protect the freshwater ecosystems for the next half century.</p> <p>The project was supported by several invaluable stakeholders who pushed for action and were critical in achieving all the necessary permits. These stakeholders include:</p> <ul> <li>Natural England (the UK government’s statutory nature conservation advisor)</li> <li>The Environment Agency (the public body responsible for coastal flood defence)</li> <li>Eastern Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Agency (the agency responsible for the management of inshore fisheries)</li> <li>The local community members and Titchwell Marsh supporters</li> </ul> <p>Each of the stakeholder institutions participated throughout the duration of the project and to varying degrees. The local community had the opportunity to attend three consultation events held on separate days. Over 150 people attended these events. Additionally, a yearly newsletter was published to keep concerned local residents and visitors informed of the progress.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Ecosystem-based approach</h4> <p>By creating a breach in the sea wall to connect existing salt marsh creeks, a chain of events can occur that result in significant ecosystem benefits. Seawater is able to enter the brackish marsh and flood it with the tide, turning it into a tidal salt marsh. This new habitat, along with new associated mudflats, is attractive to many coastal bird species, and also serves as a better natural defence against coastal erosion when combined with the sea wall.</p> <p>However, the loss of brackish marsh can be negative for some species, such as avocet which use the habitat for nesting and breeding. In response to this, additional nesting islands were created in the Titchwell freshwater marshes and new avocet habitats were created at other nearby nature reserves.</p> <p>A notable side benefit of the project has been the reedbed created in the area excavated for materials for the new sea wall. It is expected that within 10 years of project completion, a full reed bed will have grown in the 2.4ha excavation zone.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Understanding all aspects of the coastal erosion processes impacting Titchwell Marsh led to the design and successful implementation of the most appropriate solution. The decision to include an ecologically strategic breach in the sea wall resulted in several benefits and was an example of working with coastal processes rather than against them.</p> <p>Time and energy spent involving the local community with consultation and education was also integral to the success of the project. It helped the project gain consent for the various planning requests necessary.</p> <p>Undertaking construction and excavation work in an environmentally sensitive area is not a quick or easy task. At Titchwell, the wintering and breeding habits of bird species prevented such work from being done for most of the year. Construction was only permitted during August, September and October when disturbance could be minimised. This delayed the overall project and impacted some of the busiest weeks for visitors to the Marsh.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/managed-realignment" hreflang="en">Managed realignment</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.rspb.org.uk/whatwedo/projects/details/262957-titchwell-marsh-coastal-change-project ">Information from Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) website</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Mon, 16 Jan 2017 08:31:08 +0000 nst 223 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Dune rehabilitation in Praia de Faro (PT) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-dune-rehabilitation-praia-de-faro-pt <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Dune rehabilitation in Praia de Faro (PT)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 12/12/2016 - 12:00</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/36" hreflang="en">Erosion</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/57" hreflang="en">Reduction</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/32" hreflang="en">Hold the line</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/65" hreflang="en">Ecosystem based approach</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-main-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_main_image/public/measures/20160419_110053.jpg?itok=LThIF_y8" width="315" height="210" alt="Wooden Path (Praia de Faro)" title="Wooden Path (Praia de Faro)" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-landscape-main-image" /> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A construction of an elevated wooden pathway alongshore and cross-shore of about 1500 m, and the construction of a dune fences were implemented in the coastal town of Praia de Faro (Portugal). The fences helped to trap sand in the dune areas leading to a growth of the dune system. The wooden path played also an important role in the dune recovery.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Ria Formosa coastal lagoon is a RISC-KIT Case Study site and is located on the southern coast of Portugal. The coastal town of Praia de Faro is located partly on a natural dune area separating a lagoon from the open sea. Due to tourism and housing activities the dunes were in bad conditions, so two main actions were undertaken in 2000/2001: construction of an elevated wooden pathway alongshore and cross-shore of about 1500 m, and the construction of a dune fences. A row of fences was placed along the ocean side for about 1 km and additionally fences were built as a a reticulate for 670m (continuous rectangles or about 7x5.5 m). The fences helped to trap sand in the dune areas leading to a growth of the dune system. Over the past 15 years the dunes grew around 10 meters in width and about 1.3 meters in height, leading to an almost natural ecological state. The wooden path played an important role in the dune recovery, because it led to reduction of wild paths through the dunes. Wild path through the dunes caused a destabilization of the dune system. With the pathway, tourists, fishers, and inhabitants use the path to reach the shore or other areas. The fences were also an additional obstacle which minimized the usage of wild paths through the dunes.</p> <p> </p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-gallery field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="gallery-left-arrow"><span></span></div> <div class="gallery-right-arrow"><span>></span></div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="gallery-wrapper"> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/20160419_110053.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/20160419_110053.jpg?itok=Aov2UwdI" width="220" height="124" alt="Wooden Path" title="Wooden Path" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/20160424_114913.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/20160424_114913.jpg?itok=bk0NNTho" width="220" height="124" alt="Praia de Faro" title="Praia de Faro" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/20160424_113847.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/20160424_113847.jpg?itok=v8OwdgHE" width="220" height="124" alt="Praia de Faro" title="Praia de Faro" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Over the time span of 15 years, the measure showed an improvement of the dune systems where the pathway and the fences were built. Before the measure was implemented there were overwashes in the area, but these did not occur in the last years. With no extreme storm events or human intervention, the dunes should stay rehabilitated for the next decades.</p> <h4>Political & social feasibility:</h4> <p>The constructed wooden path was well received by inhabitants and tourists. For recreational purposes the measure had a positive impact, because it is now easier and faster to get to different spots ate the  oceanic shore and the back barrier beach, where the area is used for bathing, surfing, or kite-surfing. To get to these areas, the pathway is used.</p> <h4>Cost of implementation & maintenance</h4> <p>The initial costs of the measures were around 1250000€. 4/5 of the costs were paid with EU funds, 1/5 was paid with national funding. There is no money assigned for maintenance costs. If maintenance is needed, is overtaken by local fisherman or house owner (basically by replacing broken parts of the wooden path or the fence). For a more detailed cost effectiveness analysis see <a href="http://coastal-management.eu/measure/cost-effectiveness-analysis-wooden-path-over-dune-praia-de-faro">here</a>.</p> <h4>Ecological feasibility</h4> <p>With the measure the ecological status of the dune system is near to natural values with natural (autochthon) species dominating the ecosystem. Allowing the natural evolution of the dune ecosystem, this approach can be classified as ecological feasible. Problems could arise if the new system attract a lot more tourists, that could put additional pressure on the ecosystem (e.g. too many bird watchers, too many visitors at the beach, etc.).</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The rehabilitation of dunes with the help of two strategies worked very well in this case study area. The damages of dunes due to wild paths are limited by the guidance of visitors and inhabitants along the wooden paths. This alleviated impairments of the dunes. Additionally the set-up of fences helped to trap sand and accelerate the process of dune rehabilitation.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/dune-strengthening-rehabilitation-and-restoration" hreflang="en">Dune strengthening, rehabilitation and restoration</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.risckit.eu/np4/np4/ria_formosa.html">RISC-KIT Case Study </a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://coastal-management.eu/measure/cost-effectiveness-analysis-wooden-path-over-dune-praia-de-faro">Cost-Effectiveness analysis of a wooden path over the dune (Praia de Faro)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Mon, 12 Dec 2016 11:00:36 +0000 nst 201 at https://coastal-management.eu Protecting and restoring reefs (coral and oyster) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/protecting-and-restoring-reefs-coral-and-oyster <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Protecting and restoring reefs (coral and oyster)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 12/06/2016 - 10:18</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/36" hreflang="en">Erosion</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/60" hreflang="en">Channel, Coastal and Floodplain Works</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/32" hreflang="en">Hold the line</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/65" hreflang="en">Ecosystem based approach</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Coral and oyster reefs are considered to be types of coastal wetlands. As a natural coastal defense they are a buffer for coastlines against waves. Reefs are threatened by rapid environmental change, making it very important to protect and restore reefs.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="http://web.unep.org/ecosystems/sites/default/files/uploads/resource/file/Green%20infrastructure%20Guide.pdf">Based on kindly provided information by UNEP's "Green Infrastructure Guide for Water Management: Ecosystem-based Management Approaches to Water-related Infrastructure Projects " (UNEP, 2014)</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Coral reefs are shallow-water marine ecosystems characterized by massive calcium carbonate formations secreted by colonies of coral polyps and algae living in their tissues (Sheppard et al. 2005). Reefs build up as each coral species secretes uniquely shaped carbonate skeletons over older skeletal remains. The foundations of older reef structures are riddled with tunnels and channels created by physical and chemical erosion and the effects of reef inhabitants. Coral reefs are home to high fish and invertebrate biodiversity, all uniquely adapted to reef life, yet fundamentally dependent on coral survival. They tolerate little environmental variation and are particularly vulnerable to small changes in water quality, but they can recover once adverse events end, as long as local sources of colonizing organisms and suitable substrates are available (UNEP-WCMC 2006).</p> <p>In their natural setting, oyster reefs are often found seaward of salt marshes (Scyphers et al. 2011) and are a source of valuable services both to ecosystems and humans. It is estimated that up to 80 per cent of the world’s oyster reefs have been lost, a rate unprecedented for any other marine habitat (TNC 2012). This loss also represents an enormous reduction in the ecosystem services provided by these reefs including food, habitat for bird and marine species and a buffer for coastlines against waves.</p> <p>The sustainability of both coral and oyster reefs is also threatened by rapid environmental change, which overwhelms reef-species adaptation and resilience following destructive events. The pressures on reefs include human activities (such as sedimentation, water pollution, resources extraction and commercial fishing) (Waddell 2005; Burke et al. 2011), as well as the effects of climate change. Among the latter is the increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and excessive heat, which cause intolerable acidity and water temperatures (Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2007; De’ath et al. 2009).</p> <p>Where possible, conservation measures can be put in place and actions taken to deal with the pressures and causes of degradation of coral and oyster reefs. In addition to eliminating or mitigating the source of reef impact, methods of oyster reef restoration and coral transplantation are often used to increase the rate of coral and oyster colonization at damaged sites (Epstein et al. 2001).</p> <p>For coral reefs, transplantation ideally starts with collecting fragments of living coral rock as soon as possible and storing them in a suitable location until they can be moved to the restoration site (Japp 2000; Epstein et al. 2001). Fragments can then be attached to suitable substrate. In difficult locations, artificial structures can be installed to provide a stable foundation for coral transplants (Japp 2000). Transplantation success depends on the species, transplant shape and type, status of substrate attachment and environmental conditions (Japp 2000). Where that is not possible, coral may be transplanted from nearby reef locations or from coral nurseries prepared in advance for restoration needs.</p> <p>Similarly, oyster reefs can be <a href="http://coastal-management.eu/node/26">constructed artificially</a> to replicate their natural functions. Case studies show that creating large-scale man-made coral reefs is possible, and they are able to replicate many of the functions provided by naturally occurring coral reefs (TNC 2012).</p> <h4>Benefits</h4> <p>For a long time, grey solutions have been dominant in coping with coastal hazards. Approaches include artificially hardening the shoreline or creating artificial barriers by dumping gabions made of cement and rock into the water (World Risk Report 2012). This is not only damaging to marine ecosystems, but can also shift the impacts of storms to communities down shore, increasing the need for additional defence structures.</p> <p>There has been growing awareness and evidence of coral and oyster reefs playing a major role in coastal stabilization and coastal defence (World Risk Report 2012). Coral reefs provide natural breakwaters that can mitigate flooding and the erosive effects of storms along low-lying shores (Japp 2000; UNEP-WCMC 2006). They have shown to reduce the wave energy and height that impacts coastlines (Sheppard et al. 2005) attenuating and reducing more than 85 per cent of incoming wave energy (World Risk Report 2012). By forming a natural barrier, the reefs are the first line of coastal defence from the damaging impacts of waves, erosion and flooding.</p> <p>Like coral reefs, oyster reefs protect from coastal erosion and wave erosion (TNC 2012). Evidence oyster reefs also prevent coastal marsh retreat (Scyphers et al. 2011). Due to their complex structure, these natural barriers reduce water velocities, increase sedimentation rates and provide improved conditions for settlement and retention of propagules, thereby improving the chances of species survival (Scyphers et al. 2011).</p> <h4>Co-benefits</h4> <p>Coral reefs and oyster reefs have enormous significance in the lives of millions people. Tropic coastal populations in particular depend heavily on the resources provided by these ecosystems (World Risk Report 2012), where many reef species support fisheries and other livelihood sources (Burke et al. 2011). The reefs also play an important role in sustaining traditional lifestyles and carry cultural significance to local communities. In addition, they are home to rare species with relevance to e.g. production of medicinal products. Coral reefs are also popular tourist attractions (Burke et al. 2011) creating basis for significant income from the tourism sector, such as recreational scuba diving and snorkelling.</p> <p>Oyster reefs are shown to provide food and shelter for crabs and fish species, which in turn increases the catch for fisheries. They also have shown to remove nitrogen from coastal waters, preventing algal blooms and dead zones (TNC 2012).</p> <h4>Costs</h4> <p>Restoring coral reefs is usually a very expensive and technologically complex exercise. The critical features making coral reefs such effective protection barriers, are the size, height, hardness and structural complexity of the reefs (i.e. friction) (World Risk Report 2012). Once lost, such features are very difficult and expensive to replicate. The best approach, therefore, is to protect reefs from external stressors before they are degraded, focusing on the sources of human impact. The creation of no-fishing zones at reefs, for example, appears to restore reef resilience and may make them somewhat less susceptible to increases in global temperature and carbon dioxide (Mumby and Harborne 2010; Selig and Bruno 2010).</p> <p>A study on oyster reef restoration projects in the Gulf of Mexico, for instance, has shown that investments in restoration activities could yield a several-fold return on investment through gains in fisheries and avoided damage for properties and public infrastructure. The case study assessed a USD 150 million investment over ten years in restoring 160 km of oyster reefs in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. The assessment showed that the initial investment would be returned twofold in the period via new jobs and goods and services delivered to the local communities (TNC 2012).</p> <p>The accelerated rate of global climate change requires particular consideration in relation to the long- term fate of restored reefs. The risks of eventual coral reef loss at the warmest edges of coral reef ranges, for example, can occur regardless of the success of the restoration efforts and need to be considered in connection with investment decisions. A troublesome concern is also elevated ocean acidity from increasing carbon dioxide (Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2007). However, many studies have shown that in most cases investments in coral and oyster reef protection yield manifold benefits, once the socio- economic co-benefits are considered.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Burke, L., Raytar, K.,Spalding, M. and Perry, A. (2011). Reefs at risk revisited. Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute.</p> <p>De’ath, G., Lough, J.M and Fabricius, K.E. (2009). Declining coral calcification on the Great Barrier Reef, Science, vol. 323, pp. 116-119.</p> <p>Epstein, N., Bak, R.P.M. and Rinkevich, B. (2001). Strategies for gardening denuded coral reef areas: The application of different types of coral material for reef restoration. Restoration Ecology, vol. 9, pp. 432-442.</p> <p>Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Mumby, P. J., Hooten, A. J. et al. (2007). Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science, vol. 318, pp. 1737-1742.</p> <p>Japp, W.C. (2000). Coral reef restoration, Ecological Engineering, vol. 15, pp. 345-364.</p> <p>Mumby, P. J. and Harborne, A.R. (2010). Marine reserves enhance the recovery of corals on Caribbean reefs. PLoSONE, vol. 5, pp. e8657.</p> <p>Scyphers, S.B., Powers, S.P., Heck Jr., K.L. and Byron, D. (2011). Oyster Reefs as Natural Breakwaters Mitigate Shoreline Loss and Facilitate Fisheries. PLoS ONE, vol. 6, p. 8.</p> <p>Selig, E.R, and Bruno, J.F. (2010). A global analysis of the effectiveness of marine protected areas in preventing coral loss. PLoS ONE, vol. 5, p. e9278</p> <p>Sheppard, C., Dixon, D.J., Gourlay, M., Sheppard, A. and Payet, A. (2005). Coral mortality increases wave energy reaching shores protected by reef flats: Examples from the Seychelles. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 64, p. 223–234.</p> <p>TNC (2012). The Nature Conservancy, The Economics of Oyster Reef Restoration in the Gulf of Mexico: A Case Study in Mobile Bay, Alabama.</p> <p>UNEP-WCMC (United Nations Environmental Programme/World Conservation Monitoring Center. (2006). In the front line: shoreline protection and other ecosystem services from mangroves and coral reefs. Cambridge UK: WCMC/UNEP</p> <p>Waddell, J.E. (2005). The State of the Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2005. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 11. Silver Springs, Maryland: NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment’s Biogeography Team.</p> <p>World Risk Report (2012). Available from http://www.worldriskreport.com/.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Tue, 06 Dec 2016 09:18:12 +0000 nst 195 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Foreshore sand replenishment (DK) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-foreshore-sand-replenishment-dk <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Foreshore sand replenishment (DK)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 11/03/2016 - 11:48</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/36" hreflang="en">Erosion</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/60" hreflang="en">Channel, Coastal and Floodplain Works</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/32" hreflang="en">Hold the line</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/66" hreflang="en">Combined approach (grey + green)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/65" hreflang="en">Ecosystem based approach</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-main-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_main_image/public/measures/Abb9-Sandersatz-Strand-Hvide-Sande-DK_JF2014.jpg?itok=f6gfyBWx" width="315" height="210" alt="Wide beach at the Danish West coast due to sand replenishment (Foto: J. Fröhlich)" title="Wide beach at the Danish West coast due to sand replenishment (Foto: J. Fröhlich)" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-landscape-main-image" /> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The case study shows how sand replenishment at the west coast of Denmark has become the main measure to face coastal erosion. Experiences in the last years showed, that replenishments at the foreshore seem to be the most effective and ecosystem friendly version of beach nourishments.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on the WWF study "<a href="http://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/WWF-Studie-Klimaanpassung-an-weichen-Kuesten.pdf">Klimaanpassung an weichen Küsten - Fallbeispiele aus Europa und den USA für das schleswig-holsteinische Wattenmeer</a>"</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A sea level rise due to climate change will enhance the erosion processes. The partly low-lying areas in the hinterland are protected by an up to 10 km wide belt of dunes. Without coastal defense measure coastline recession of up to eight m a year in some places could occur. In 1981 a particularly severe storm has lead to land losses of up to 30 m in some coastal areas. Especially in places with relatively narrow dunes, with some less then 100m wide for example at the Ringkøbing Fjord, this is seen as a problem. For more than 30 years this problem is faced by the replenishment of sand on the beach and in near shore areas. </p> <p>In 1983 the Danish Coastal Authority (Kystdirektoratet) started in cooperation with the local municipalities’ coastal protection in this area by implementation of slope protection, breakwaters and nourishments. Since then, more than 59 million m³ of sand have been replenished. Usually the sand is removed 5-10km offshore by boat an than either being dumped on the sandbar or placed directly on the beach. Average annual costs for this approach are approximately € 10 million per year.</p> <p>Up until the 1990s, 145 breakwaters were built to reduce the sand transport from the beach. While these elements could only slow down the erosion rate, employment of nourishment has meant that the recession has been brought to a halt. This is the reason why today, the work almost only consists of nourishment. </p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-gallery field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="gallery-left-arrow"><span></span></div> <div class="gallery-right-arrow"><span>></span></div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="gallery-wrapper"> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/Abb7-D%C3%BCne-Rinkobing-Fjord-JF2014.JPG"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/Abb7-D%C3%BCne-Rinkobing-Fjord-JF2014.JPG?itok=-dr-E2AJ" width="220" height="147" alt="Coastal protection through dunes at Ringköbing Fjord (Foto: J. Fröhlich)" title="Coastal protection through dunes at Ringköbing Fjord (Foto: J. Fröhlich)" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/Abb8-Rohr-Strandaufspuelung-DK-JF2014.JPG"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/Abb8-Rohr-Strandaufspuelung-DK-JF2014.JPG?itok=Xa70Va8I" width="220" height="147" alt="Traditional sand pipe for beach nourishment. For foreshore sand replenishment, these pipes would not be needed anymore. (Foto: J. Fröhlich)" title="Traditional sand pipe for beach nourishment. For foreshore sand replenishment, these pipes would not be needed anymore. (Foto: J. Fröhlich)" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Technical feasibility</strong></p> <p>Since the 1990s coastal protection at the Danish west coast was mainly undertaken by sand replenishments and partly hard protection measures the foot of a dune or dyke. The construction of breakwaters and revetments was phased out to the end of the 1990s. Today sand replenishment is used almost exclusively. Lately, replenishments at the foreshore are favored because they seem to be more effective than the traditional nourishments at the beach. Although nourishments at the beach are effective in the short term, Danish research results demonstrate that nourishment in the foreshore lead to stabilization of the beach and are more cost effective over a certain period of time. But beach nourishments are still undertaken to protect the foot of dunes. Continuous monitoring showed that the formerly high erosion rate has been reduced to an average of 0.1 m since 1998. Further research is needed to clarify which grain sizes are most effective to resist erosion. In general the composition of the nourished material should correspond to the natural conditions.</p> <p><strong>Political & social feasibility</strong></p> <p>In retrospect, the implementation of sand replenishing measures (rather than ‘hard’ coastal defense measures) required are a lot of political will. Today, there is a fundamental shift from "hard" to "soft" coastal protection measures in Denmark acknowledgeable. However, there are still many hard structures existing interfering with the natural processes. Although being partly ineffective, a substantial deconstruction of these structures has not been initiated yet.</p> <p><strong>Cost of implementation & maintenance</strong></p> <p>The Danish example shows that replenishments at the foreshore seem to be the best environmentally sound and most effective of beach nourishments. Compared to ‘traditional’ beach nourishment schemes, this approach is less costly and saves energy in the long term, and additionally the beach remains free from tubes.</p> <p><strong>Ecological feasibility</strong></p> <p>Ecological studies have shown that biocoenosis at the seabed where the sand extraction took place mostly recovered after a period of one year. But this should not be generalized because, because the recovery rate depends highly on the structure of the seabed and the type of sand extraction.</p> <p>Concerning the place of the nourishment, Danish studies show that the local fauna needed two to three years for recovery. Moreover, it was noted that the animals found were smaller than before the nourishment.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>This example from the west coast of Denmark shows that by using beach nourishment coastal erosion can be slowed down on a large scale and can also be sufficient for the protection of settlements. The introduced sediment can additionally serve as a buffer for an accelerated sea level rise. For sandy beaches this example shows that ‘soft’ coastal measures should be preferred over ‘hard’ coastal measures where possible. In addition, old ‘hard’ structures should be removed, if they have been proven to be counterproductive against erosion. If the protection can be achieved with replenishment of sand, this method should be favored, because it’s more nature-friendly can create co-benefits for tourism and recreation.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/beach-nourishment" hreflang="en">Beach Nourishment</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://eng.kyst.dk/coastal-protection-on-the-west-coast-of-jutland.html">Coastal Protection on the West Coast of Jutland</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>Ecoshore (o.J.): Projects. Webseite. http://www.ecoshore.com/Projects.htm (20.05.2014).</h5> <h5>Hanson, H.; Brampton, A.; Capobianco, M.; Dette, H. H.; Hamm, L.; Laustrup, C.; Lechuga, A.; Spanhoff, R. (2002): Beach nourishment projects, practices, and objectives—a European overview. In: Coastal Engineering, No. 47, S. 81–111.</h5> <h5>Jacobsen, P.; Brøgger, C. (2007): Coastal protection based on Pressure Equalization Modules (PEM). In: Proceedings of the International Coastal Symposium, Griffith University, Australia.</h5> <h5>Kystdirektoratet (Dänische Küstenschutzbehörde) (2013a): Coastal Protection on the West Coast of Jutland. Webseite. http://eng.kyst.dk/coastal-protection-on-the-west-coast-of-jutland (20.05.2014).</h5> <h5>Kystdirektoratet (Dänische Küstenschutzbehörde) (2013b): The National Coastal Protection Strategy. http://eng.kyst.dk/the-national-coastal-protection-strategy.html (20.05.2014).</h5> <h5>Margheritini, L.; Frigaard, P.; Wahl, Niels Arne (2008): A holistic evaluation of a typical coast nourishment on the Danish West Coast. In: Journal of Coastal Conservation, No. 12, S. 83–91.</h5> <h5>Pickaver, A.-H. (o. J.): Ourcoast Project Case Study – Changing Traditional Coastal Defense Policy to Stop Erosion, DK. http://ec.europa.eu/ourcoast/index.cfm?menuID=8&articleID=82 (20.05.2014).</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 03 Nov 2016 10:48:51 +0000 nst 186 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Dynamic dune management, Terschelling (NL) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-dynamic-dune-management-terschelling-nl <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Dynamic dune management, Terschelling (NL)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 11/03/2016 - 11:14</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/36" hreflang="en">Erosion</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/57" hreflang="en">Reduction</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/32" hreflang="en">Hold the line</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/65" hreflang="en">Ecosystem based approach</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-main-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_main_image/public/measures/Abb13-Terschelling-dynamische-Duenen-JF2014.jpg?itok=Bk9eCIle" width="315" height="210" alt="Dynamic dune development at the island of Terschelling (Foto: J. Fröhlich)" title="Dynamic dune development at the island of Terschelling (Foto: J. Fröhlich)" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-landscape-main-image" /> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">This case study is about enhancing the natural dynamics of the dunes and the sand transport on the Wadden Sea island of Terschelling, Netherland</span> </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on the WWF study "<a href="http://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/WWF-Studie-Klimaanpassung-an-weichen-Kuesten.pdf">Klimaanpassung an weichen Küsten - Fallbeispiele aus Europa und den USA für das schleswig-holsteinische Wattenmeer</a>"</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Terschelling is one of the West Frisian Wadden Sea islands and feature one of the largest dune areas in the Netherlands. The dunes have been dynamically evolved by deflation, wandering dunes and periodic flooding leading to valuable ecosystems with the characteristic of rejuvenating dunes. These natural processes have been disrupted in the past by planting or measures with the aim of fixing the coastline. With the introduction of drainage systems at Terschelling the groundwater level has been lowered and wetlands in the dune system are declining. Simultaneously, by limiting the sediment transport from the beach to the dunes and the plant covering of the dunes, the dunes are aging. Overall, natural dynamics at the dunes were hindered and because of the limiting of the sediment transport, the adaptive capacity to sea level rise (and resulting higher floods) are also limited.</p> <p>Therefore, a solution was sought to enable a more natural and dynamic development of the dune system at Terschelling. </p> <p><strong>Technical feasibility</strong></p> <p>In 1994, on a 5 km stretch of the northern coast line of Terschelling, the outer dunes were mechanically opened to start a rejuvenation process of the dune system. With the help of reed fences along these cuts, wind regimes were channeled so over the years a considerable amount of sand was blown from the beach through the dunes into the inland.</p> <p>Additionally an artificial wetland was created (called ‘Eldorado’) by the removal of pine forest and other vegetation. This has rejuvenated the dune and to keep the vegetation limited, grazing is undertaken. This additional project was carried out by the dutch public organization Staatsbosbeheer (<a href="http://www.staatsbosbeheer.nl/english">http://www.staatsbosbeheer.nl/english</a>) as part of a LIFE project called ‘Saving the Dutch dunes’(LIFE05 NAT/NL/000124). It is important to note that the approach of the dynamic dune management has no negative impact on the safety of the people of Terschelling during storm floods. The natural sand transport from the beach has the effect that the dune system is ‘growing’ with the sea level rise.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-gallery field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="gallery-left-arrow"><span></span></div> <div class="gallery-right-arrow"><span>></span></div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="gallery-wrapper"> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/Abb14-Terschelling-Duenental-Renaturierung-Eldorado-JF2014.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/Abb14-Terschelling-Duenental-Renaturierung-Eldorado-JF2014.jpg?itok=ZSIBUBb3" width="220" height="147" alt="The dunevalley 'Eldorado' in the northwest of Terschelling. (Foto: J. Fröhlich)" title="The dunevalley 'Eldorado' in the northwest of Terschelling. (Foto: J. Fröhlich)" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/Abb15-Terschelling-dynamische-Duenen-Jannes%20Fr%C3%B6hlich-2014.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/Abb15-Terschelling-dynamische-Duenen-Jannes%20Fr%C3%B6hlich-2014.jpg?itok=UrMmLgzf" width="220" height="147" alt="Sandtransport from the beach to the hinterland (Foto: J. Fröhlich)" title="Sandtransport from the beach to the hinterland (Foto: J. Fröhlich)" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Political & social feasibility</strong></p> <p>Initially, there was skepticism among the inhabitants of the island towards this measure. Especially lowering the outer dunes so that the ocean was visible from the inner dunes worried the inhabitants. It was also criticized that grassland that was turned to arable land in former times, should again be covered by sand. These issues could partly be explained by insufficient communication between all stakeholders.</p> <p>For tourism, a main economic sector of Terschelling, this a beneficial approach, since 90% if visitors stated in a local survey being fond of the ‘living dunes’.</p> <p><strong>Ecological feasibility</strong></p> <p>Without further intervention new dunes have formed through sand drift. Especially for Natura 2000 habitats such as primary and white dunes this can be seen as very positive. Goats will help to keep the dune areas open, so the valuable habitats will be preserved.</p> <p> </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Instead of stabilizing the dunes consistently by planting vegetation and other measures, aim was to allow dynamic coastal processes with a stable safety standard. An important part of this new management approach was the improvement of the natural sand transport from the beach to the dunes.</p> <p>The example of Terschelling showed that a more natural sand transport from the beach over the dunes to the hinterland was actually possible. Habitats such as primary and White dune re-emerged or developed closer to nature, additional sand deposits accumulated in the dunes and serve as long-term adaptation to sea level rise. However, this more local effect will not solve the ‘sand-deficit’ on outer coasts, therefore additional sand deposits (for example <a href="http://coastal-management.eu/measure/beach-nourishment">beach nourishment</a>) may be required. Overall, this example shows that a restoration of natural processes can contribute to a long term security of the island and their inhabitants.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/dune-strengthening-rehabilitation-and-restoration" hreflang="en">Dune strengthening, rehabilitation and restoration</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.wwf.de/themen-projekte/projektregionen/wattenmeer/wwf-studie-zur-klimaanpassung-an-weichen-kuesten/">WWF Study on Climate adaptation (in German)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://lifevideos.eu/videos/?id=LIFE09_NAT_NL_000418_01_EN_HABIT.mp4">Video link about the LIFE project</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>De Jong, B.; Keijsers, J. G. S.; Riksen, M.; Krol, J.; Slim, P. A. (2014): <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264001052_Soft_Engineering_vs_a_Dynamic_Approach_in_Coastal_Dune_Management_A_Case_Study_on_the_North_Sea_Barrier_Island_of_Ameland_The_Netherlands">Soft Engineering vs. a Dynamic Approach in Coastal Dune Management: A Case Study on the North Sea Barrier Island of Ameland</a>, The Netherlands. In: Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 30, No. 4, S. 670–684.</h5> <h5>Ecomare (o. J. (b)): Wanderdünen auf Terschelling. Webseite. http://www.ecomare.nl/de/lexicon/mensch-und-umwelt/naturschutz/naturentwicklung/wanderduenen-auf-terschelling/ (02.09.2014).</h5> <h5>Löffler, M.; van der Spek, A.J.F.; van Gelder-Maas, C. (2013): Options for dynamic coastal management. A guide for managers. Deltares. dtvirt35.deltares.nl/products/30539 (01.09.2014).</h5> <h5>Petersen, J.; Janssen, G.; Lammerts, E. J.; Menn, I.; Mulder, S. (2005): Chapter 9: Beaches and Dunes. In: Essink, K.; Dettmann, C.; Farke, H.; Laursen, K.: Lüerßen, G.; Marencic, H.; Wiersinga, W. (Hrsg.). Wadden Sea Quality Status Report 2004. Wadden Sea Ecosystem No. 19. Trilateral Monitoring and Assessment Group, Common Wadden Sea Secretariat, Wilhelmshaven, Germany.</h5> <h5>Salman, A.; van der Neut, R. (o. J.): Kustgids. Region: Terschelling, Nature and Landscape. Webseite. http://www.kustgids.nl/terschelling-en/index.html (02.09.2014).</h5> <h5>Staatsbosbeheer (2012): Life Dunes. Report on six years of dune restoration in the Netherlands. Staatsbosbeheer Regio (<a href="http://www.staatsbosbeheer.nl/duinherstel">http://www.staatsbosbeheer.nl/duinherstel</a>)</h5> <h5>Nord, Groningen. http://www.staatsbosbeheer.nl/English/LIFE%20Nature/LIFE%20Dune%20restoration.aspx (21.01.2015).</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 03 Nov 2016 10:14:51 +0000 nst 185 at https://coastal-management.eu Marsh vegetation in intertidal and coastal zone https://coastal-management.eu/measure/marsh-vegetation-intertidal-and-coastal-zone <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Marsh vegetation in intertidal and coastal zone</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/27" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">giacomo.cazzola</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Sun, 09/11/2016 - 21:51</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/36" hreflang="en">Erosion</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/58" hreflang="en">Natural flood, runoff, catchment management</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/73" hreflang="en">Limited intervention</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/65" hreflang="en">Ecosystem based approach</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Saltmarsh and mudflats are usually located together with mudflats in front of the saltmarsh. Saltmarsh vegetation and saltmarsh creeks help manage floods by dissipating wave and tidal energy.  They are valuable barriers to the risks of flood, as they dissapte wave and tidal energy. Saltmarshes used in combination with other measures can have beneficial outcomes to managing climate change impacts. Even a small width of fronting saltmarsh can significantly reduce the height of sea walls required to achieve the same level of protection and thus also reduce initial construction costs. Having saltmarsh fronting will also significantly reduce maintenance costs due to the reduced exposure to wave and tidal energy.</span></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/163560/sepa-natural-flood-management-handbook1.pdf">Based on kindly provided information by SEPA's Natural Flood Management Handbook (p. 52ff.)</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Where is restoration of saltmarsh appropriate?</span></h4> <p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Saltmarsh and mudflats are unique habitates comprised of fine grain sediments (silts and clays) that settle out of the water colomn in calm areas or where there is low water speed. Saltmarsh is usually found in estuaries or sheltered areas such as bays or at the head of sea lochs. The overall shape of the estuary or bay determines the location and extent of saltmarsh and mudflat. Development of mature saltmarsh typically takes between 40 to 80 years. However, this will not be possible in all locations, particularly where existing protection structures restrict the establishment of higher zones.</span></p> <p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Determining whether conditions are good for the development of saltmarsh is difficult. In addition to naturally occurring physical processes, the nutrients determine if conditions are favourable for the establishment of saltmarsh and chemical pollutants can affect whether saltmarsh can colonise mudflat. Therefore, it is generally better to increase the extent or facilitate the relative stability of existing saltmarsh, rather than attempt to establish this habitat in new areas where it has not been present historically.</span></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Restoring saltmarsh</span></h4> <p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">The size of the saltmarsh habitat is often determined by the tidal range. To increase the size or space for a saltmarsh habitat, it can be extended seawards or re-aligned by moving existing coastal structures inland. </span></p> <p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">According to Forbes et al. (2015), </span><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">sediment can be placed at various levels in the morphological profile:</span></p> <ul> <li><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">a thin layer of sediment can be sprayed over existing habitat to increase existing intertidal elevation; or</span></li> <li><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">sediment can be placed in the intertidal zone to artificially increase the intertidal area; or</span></li> <li><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">sediment can be placed in the sub-tidal zone to reduce erosion from intertidal margins</span></li> </ul> <p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">To encourage sediment to settle and saltmarsh to establish the following techniques can be used:</span></p> <ul> <li><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Brushwood fascines/groynes: Small wooden posts erected in parallel rows and in-filled with brushwood to create a small fence. Other materials can be used but brushwood has been found to be the most durable. The best orientation is generally at right angles to the foreshore.</span></li> <li><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Polders: Brushwood fences or fascines are erected that enclose a width of mature marsh with a similar sized seaward extent of mudflat. Ditches are dug to collect deposited sediment, which is then piled onto banks between the ditches.</span></li> </ul> <p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Saltmarsh can be left to naturally colonise the mudflats. However, unless there are good natural sources of local seeds, planting or sowing will be needed. Planting has generally been shown to be more effective than sowing. </span></p> <p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">The majority of the costs associated with establishing saltmarsh will be the associated costs of re-charge or managed realignment required. If polders are used, the costs of establishing and maintaining these can also be significant. </span></p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-download-factsheet field--type-file field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Download Factsheet</div> <div class="field__item"> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/2016-12/SEPA-NFMH-52-54.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=167227">SEPA-NFMH-52-54.pdf</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-wallasea-island-wild-coast-project-uk" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: Wallasea Island Wild Coast project (UK)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h6>Heather Forbes, Kathryn Ball and Fiona McLay (2015): Natural Flood Management Handbook. Published by Scottish Environment Protection Agency (https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/163560/sepa-natural-flood-management-handbook1.pdf)</h6></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Sun, 11 Sep 2016 19:51:14 +0000 giacomo.cazzola 87 at https://coastal-management.eu