Coastal infrastructure https://coastal-management.eu/ en Public Education Schemes https://coastal-management.eu/measure/public-education-schemes <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Public Education Schemes</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 02/23/2017 - 11:25</span> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Not all stakeholders are aware or informed about their vulnerability to a changing climate, or flood risk protection. Nor are they aware of the pro-active measures they can take to adapt or deal with climate change. Awareness raising and education programs are therefore important to manage the impacts of climate change, enhance peoples’ capacity to deal with the impacts, and reduce overall vulnerability.</p> <p>Sharing knowledge in this way can help build safety and resilience, reduce future hazard impacts. Communities and individuals usually want to become partners in this, and the public can be empowered to deal with the impacts and reduce future problems related to flood risk and disaster risk response.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on the <a href="http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/adaptation-options/awareness-campaigns-for-behavioural-change ">information available on ClimateAdapt Platform</a> and the Ifrc-Guide on <a href="http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/disasters/reducing_risks/302200-Public-awareness-DDR-guide-EN.pdf">Public awareness and public education for disaster risk reduction.</a></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Several types of approaches can be used such as campaigns, participatory learning, informal education, formal school based interventions.</p> <p>Given that individuals and communities are in different positions, in terms of both capacity to act as well as vulnerability or being affected by, awareness raising schemes need to be tailored to their audience.</p> <p>Large climate change awareness raising campaigns are often a mixture of mitigation, energy efficiency, and sustainability measures rather than adaptation measures.</p> <h4>Benefits</h4> <p>The benefits also mean that through knowledge transfer, the resilience of the community or individuals can be increased which is essentially transforming knowledge and information into potential for action, protection and mitigation of harmful effects. It stimulates self-mobilisation and makes excellent use of local knowledge and resources for improved overall capacity.</p> <p>Awareness raising is continually relevant, and should be adapted as information and situation changes. Therefore, awareness raising is not only a first step but a step that can continually offer support to effectively managing flood risks.</p> <p>It is also generally a measure that can accompany many others, explaining to a community the options available to for instance, prevent erosion at a local beach, thereby in theory, informing decision making and improving democratic participation in climate change adaptation and decision making.</p> <h4>Disadvantages</h4> <p>In itself, flood hazard mapping does not cause a reduction in flood risk nor does it directly lead to people adopting risk-reduction measures. Researchers have found that people take action only when</p> <ul> <li>They know what specific actions can be taken to reduce their risks;</li> <li>They are convinced these actions will be effective;</li> <li>They people in their own ability to carry out the tasks.</li> </ul></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Costs</h4> <p>Awareness raising and school education schemes are generally inexpensive in comparison to some other mitigation efforts, however, they also vary in scale, thoroughness, and continuation. For instance, in order to be effective, generally education and awareness raising should include consistent and standard messaging, legitimacy and credibility, and scalability. It may require adaptation to specific local circumstances, such as language translation, or continual evaluation as a situation changes or becomes different. It may also only be effective if it reaches the target stakeholders it was designed for, who may for instance, have low capacity to deal with flood disasters despite having increased their awareness about them. Thus finding, low cost solutions or area specific options is crucial.</p> <p>Thus, awareness raising and education programs are most effective when developed through a participatory approach where needs, expectations, and capacity are measured and information is developed together. Moreover, the more tailored, maintained and thoughtful the approach the more likely it will be to be put into practice.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 23 Feb 2017 10:25:51 +0000 nst 297 at https://coastal-management.eu Land claim https://coastal-management.eu/measure/land-claim <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Land claim</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 02/07/2017 - 14:09</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/33" hreflang="en">Move seaward</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/66" hreflang="en">Combined approach (grey + green)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/67" hreflang="en">Grey infrastructure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">The main objective of land claim is neither erosion nor storm reduction.  The aim of land claim is to create new land from areas that were previously below high tide.  These measures can be taken to reduce the exposure of these areas to coastal flooding.  For example, in Singapore and Hong Kong, there are enforced minimum reclamation levels to account for future sea level rise</span></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on information from <a href="http://www.climatetechwiki.org/content/land-claim">ClimateTechWiki.</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General Description</h4> <p>Land claim is likely to be accomplished by enclosing or filling shore or nearshore areas (Bird, 2005).  Several alternative terms may be used when referring to land claim; these may include land reclamation, reclamation fill and advance the line. Typically this measure is undertaken to gain land (French, 1997), today especially around coastal cities (like Singapore and Hong Kong), where very high land values are justifying the costs.</p> <p>In order to enclose areas for land claim, hard coastal defences must be constructed seaward of the existing shoreline.  Dike and seawalls are typically constructed to protect the claimed land from flooding by the sea (Burgess et al., 2007). Two main methods of land claim are: (1) enclosing and defending shore or nearshore areas; and (2) filling shore or nearshore areas, often using the same techniques used in beach nourishment. When considering adaptation to climate change, land claim using fill methods is perhaps more appropriate as it does not carry such a great flood risk.</p> <h4>Advantages and disadvantages of the technology</h4> <p>The key advantage of land claim is the gain of additional coastal land for uses such as agriculture or development.  Apart from the valuable land, this additional coastal land can function as a buffer and reducing the risks of flooding.</p> <p>Land claim can also generate a number of negative impacts. The process of land claim requires either the enclosure of intertidal habitats by hard defences, or the raising of their elevation above that of sea level to prevent inundation.  This causes the direct loss of intertidal habitats such as saltmarshes, intertidal flats and sand dunes (French, 1997). Another disadvantage is dewatering.  By draining reclaimed land which has a high water content, land is caused to dry out, compact and shrink (French, 1997), thus reducing its elevation in relation to sea level.  This causes a difference between land elevations inside the flood defences, where compaction and shrinkage has occurred and outside, where natural intertidal environments continue to naturally accrete sediments.  This difference in elevation is also exacerbated by SLR and results in an ever increasing requirement for flood defences (Burgess et al., 2007). It also requires an ongoing commitment to defend these areas (French, 1997).</p> <p>Any type of land claim will cause the displacement of water during a natural tidal cycle. Because of this displacement, incoming tides have a smaller area to inundate. This will cause water depths to increase and will mean intertidal areas are submerged for longer – this has the potential to cause negative biological consequences and can also increase the tidal range upstream (French, 1997).</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Financial requirements and costs</h4> <p>The financial costs of land reclamation are dependent on a number of factors:</p> <ul> <li>Chosen method of reclaim (enclosing previously intertidal areas using hard defences or raising the elevation of previously submerged land)</li> <li>Availability and proximity of fill material from onshore or offshore sites</li> <li>Number, type, size and availability of dredgers</li> <li>Requirement for hard protection measures to defend reclaimed land from coastal flooding and erosion</li> <li>Project size and resulting economies of scale</li> <li>Estimated material losses</li> </ul> <p>If land claim is conducted by enclosing previously intertidal areas, the additional costs of providing hard protective measures, such as seawalls or dikes, to prevent flooding and erosion of these areas is important.  Ongoing maintenance costs for these structures must also be considered.</p> <p>If land claim is achieved by raising the elevation of previously submerged land, the cost of fill material is likely to be the main determinant of project cost.  In turn, this cost will be influenced by the availability of appropriate materials, their proximity to the construction site and the characteristics of the reclaim site – this influences the type of dredging equipment which can be used.  Changes in the cost of fill material are likely to occur in future due to increased demand and greater restrictions on dredging.</p> <h4>Institutional and organisational aspects</h4> <p>The institutional and organisational requirements of land claim projects are likely to depend on the scale and ambition of the project.  Small-scale land claim for agricultural uses is more likely to be achievable at the community level than large-scale island enlargement and creation as seen in Singapore or Dubai.  These large-scale projects will require the involvement of large organisations and large amounts of funding. </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>One barrier to the use of land claim is potential long-term costs.  Land claim creates land which will require protection from coastal flooding and/or erosion.  This requires construction of defences such as seawalls or dikes with associated construction and ongoing maintenance costs. Land claim through elevation raising may also be a cost-effective method of disposing of dredged material from ports, harbours and navigation channels.  This could reduce the overall cost and eliminate the need to identify offshore disposal sites for dredge material.  As with beach nourishment, pollutant levels in the dredge material should be carefully monitored.</p> <p>Environmental concerns may provide another barrier to implementation. By reclaiming land in these areas, environmentally important intertidal habitats are lost, and knock-on impacts such as alterations to ebb/flood dominance may also occur.  As a result, environmental opposition to land claim may mount.  In the EU, compensation for lost habitats is required</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-artificial-island-amager-beach-copenhagen-dk" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: Artificial Island - Amager Beach, Copenhagen (DK)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569114000696%23">Wang et al (2014): Development and management of land reclamation in China</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>Bird, E. (2005) Appendix 5: Glossary of Coastal Geomorphology in Schwartz, M.L. (ed.).  Encyclopedia of Coastal Science.  The Netherlands: Springer, 1155-1192.</h5> <h5>Burgess, K., Jay, H. and Nicholls, R.J. (2007) Drivers of coastal erosion in Thorne, C.R., Evans, E.P. and Penning-Rowsell, E.C. (eds.).  Future Flooding and Coastal Erosion Risks.  London: Thomas Telford, 267-279.</h5> <h5>French, P.W. (1997)  Coastal and Estuarine Management.  London: Routledge.</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Tue, 07 Feb 2017 13:09:59 +0000 nst 289 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: The Ekostaden Augustenborg initiative, Malmö (SWE) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-ekostaden-augustenborg-initiative-malmo-swe <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: The Ekostaden Augustenborg initiative, Malmö (SWE)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 01/26/2017 - 16:19</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/61" hreflang="en">Surface Water Management</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/66" hreflang="en">Combined approach (grey + green)</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Augustenborg is a highly populated neighbourhood in Malmö, Sweden. In order to minimise flood risk, between 1998 and 2002, the ‘Ekostaden Augustenborg’ initiative installed a ‘Sustainable Urban Drainage System’ (SuDS). As part of the project, green roofs, ditches, retention ponds, green spaces and wetlands were created. Due to the installation of the SuDS, rainwater run-off has decreased by half.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on RECREATE project results: <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/green_semester/pdf/Recreate_PB_2015_NBS_final_druck10-02-2016.pdf">COASTAL PROTECTION AND SUDS – NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS</a>.</p> <p> </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>The neighbourhood Augustenborg in south-western part of Malmö (Sweden) suffered from floods caused by overflowing drainage systems. Resulting flooding was leading to damage to underground garages and basements, and restricted access to local roads and footpaths. In order to minimise flood risk, between 1998 and 2002, the ‘Ekostaden Augustenborg’ initiative installed a “Sustainable Urban Drainage System” (SuDS). The project was carried out collaboratively by the city council and the MKB social housing company, with extensive participation of the residents in Augustenborg. As part of the project, green roofs, ditches, retention ponds, green spaces and wetlands were created. Due to the installation of the SuDS, rainwater run-off has decreased by half. Additional benefits include improved water quality, reduced carbon emissions, aquifer recharge (relieving stress in water scarce areas), and increased biodiversity through the creation of new wetland habitats.</p> <p>As the project involved significant physical changes in infrastructure, a main challenge was to ensure the acceptance of the local residents. An extensive and iterative process of stakeholder engagement was also initiated during the design and execution of this project, involving a ‘rolling programme’ of consultation with local residents, representatives from the local school, practitioners, city staff and local businesses. The physical improvements in Augustenborg and related projects totaled approximately 21 million Euro. About half of the funds were invested by the MKB housing company. Without the partnership between resident companies and public authorities, the funding for this project would not have been sufficient.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/sustainable-urban-drainage-systems-suds" hreflang="en">Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/urgp_case_study_015_Malmo.pdf/$FILE/urgp_case_study_015_Malmo.pdf">Case Study description from Forest Reseach (UK)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Kenna Davis, Ina Krüger & Mandy Hinzmann (2015): <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/green_semester/pdf/Recreate_PB_2015_NBS_final_druck10-02-2016.pdf">COASTAL PROTECTION AND SUDS – NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS</a>. Recreat Policy Brief No. 4, November 2015, 14 p</p> <p> </p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 26 Jan 2017 15:19:26 +0000 nst 281 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Early warning system in Sogn og Fjordane (NOR) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-early-warning-system-sogn-og-fjordane-nor <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Early warning system in Sogn og Fjordane (NOR)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 01/25/2017 - 16:39</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/62" hreflang="en">Flood Forecasting and Warning</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The county of Sogn og Fjordane frequently experiences avalanches and landslides, storm surges and flooding. A demonstration project explored the potential for an effective, reliable and cost-efficient early warning system that has a multi-hazard approach and makes use of location and population-based communication technologies, such as mobile phones, as well as social media such as Facebook and Twitter. The system was tested with a sample warning followed by a survey and data analysis to judge its efficacy.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/case-studies/multi-hazard-approach-to-early-warning-system-in-sogn-og-fjordane-norway">Based on information from the Climate-ADAPT website.</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>Sogn og Fjordane is a coastal, mountainous region of Norway that boasts hundreds of thousands of tourist visits annually. Several communities in Sogn og Fjordane are facing numerous hazards such as flooding, avalanches, rock slides and other extreme weather events, that might be exacerbated by climate change. To respond to the challenge an early warning system was developed and tested within a EU research project. The multi-hazard warning system aimed at optimising rescue and other emergency services provided by the county. Due to tourism, it aims to be a cost-effective method reaching all people in the geographic area and not only residents.</p> <p>A public warning exercise was carried out in 2010 with 2,500 mobile phones receiving the alert as text message and 322 fixed line phones in Aurland received the alert as voice message. The warning exercise was visible on Facebook for 2 hours and received 201,849 viewings. A post-exercise survey was carried out online and a door-to-door survey was conducted in parts of the area to assess the public’s thoughts on the exercise. The population warning exercise was evaluated to measure the efficiency of the warning system by combining an electronic evaluation form and a door-to-door survey.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The project demonstrated how an existing county-encompassing organization could be used to issue the population warning. While the technical aspects of people-centred warning systems are at large readily available, issues concerning confidentiality legislation and system regulations must be solved before successfully implementing efficient location-based warning systems. In order to use social media during crisis situations, the projected concluded that research is needed.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/early-warning-systems" hreflang="en">Early warning systems</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 25 Jan 2017 15:39:06 +0000 nst 272 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Reopening Waterways in Oslo (NOR) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-reopening-waterways-oslo-nor <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Reopening Waterways in Oslo (NOR)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 01/23/2017 - 16:19</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/60" hreflang="en">Channel, Coastal and Floodplain Works</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/66" hreflang="en">Combined approach (grey + green)</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>As in many other cities, the former dominating strategy for Oslo’s rivers and streams was to enclose them for practical reasons. This approach has changed and the City is actively reopening waterways to make them accessible for people, facilitate increased habitat for biodiversity and handle storm water more efficiently.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="https://www.oslo.kommune.no/english/politics-and-administration/green-oslo/best-practices/reopening-waterways/">Based on information provided by the city Oslo.</a></p> <p> </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>The City of Oslo is characterized by urban waterways and their tributaries. Up until the 1980s, the waterways were considered problematic for the sewage system and an obstacle for efficient exploitation of land. Hence large sections of waterways were put in culverts. These culverts have predefined capacities that can cause problems if urban flooding cannot cope with these predefined capacities. </p> <p>The City of Oslo has decided to reopen closed rivers and streams wherever it is possible and expedient. In order to formalise and streamline the municipal cooperation regarding reopening projects, the relevant municipal agencies have, in collaboration, developed a management document that outlines the principles for reopening projects including a list of prioritised projects. The list is updated annually.</p> <h4>The “Teglverksdammen” Project</h4> <p>In August 2015 a large reopening project in Teglverksdammen was completed. Ca. 650 meters of the Hovinbekken stream was reopened for EUR 10 million. Teglverksdammen is planned and designed as a natural cleaning system, with several sedimentation basins, stream with water rapids, a small lake and shallow waters with dense vegetation. As a result, Teglverksdammen cleans water, provides habitat for biodiversity and has become a popular recreation area for people. </p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/reopening-culverts" hreflang="en">Reopening culverts</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Mon, 23 Jan 2017 15:19:39 +0000 nst 240 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: London Mass Evacuation Framework (UK) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-london-mass-evacuation-framework-uk <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: London Mass Evacuation Framework (UK)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 01/18/2017 - 10:26</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/63" hreflang="en">Emergency Event and Contingency Planning</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 2014, the London Resilience Partnership developed the second Mass Evacuation Framework for the city of London. The purpose of this Framework is to offer guidance to responders managing a mass evacuation of displaced persons and, where appropriate, other living creatures.</p> <p>The Framework has been developed by the Multi-Agency London Resilience Partnership Mass Evacuation Group. This group consists for example of the City of London Police, London Fire Brigade Emergency Planning, Environment Agency, Ministry of Defence (London), or Network Rail.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on: London Resilience Partnership (2014): <a href="https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/gla_migrate_files_destination/London%20Mass%20Evacuation%20Framework%20V2%200.pdf">Mass Evacuation Framework</a>.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In the city a range of risks could result in a scenario requiring mass evacuation. The current reasonable worst case planning assumption for London is based on a major fluvial flooding incident.</p> <p>In addition to providing guidance, the framework is intended to support decision-making and expectation management across all multi-agency partners and stakeholders. The content facilitates a flexible, scalable and coordinated approach to managing an evacuation.</p> <p>The framework is not intended to be prescriptive, as every incident is different; rather, its aim is to capture the core principles for the management of a mass evacuation enabling key organisations to respond consistently and with a clear understanding of their roles and responsibilities.</p> <p>In more detail, the objectives of this Framework are:</p> <ul> <li>Support the Strategic Coordinating Group to respond effectively to an event that requires the evacuation of part of London;</li> <li>Provide responding organisations with the necessary strategy to allow them to effectively implement their roles and responsibilities in support of an evacuation; and</li> <li>Provide the process by which appropriate information is supplied to all responding agencies, the public and businesses, at the start of and throughout the evacuation process.</li> </ul> <p>An incident which causes a mass evacuation may be a ‘sudden impact’ or a ‘rising tide’ type of incident. A ‘sudden impact’ incident will require immediate evacuation of a population to protect life, which may have to be initiated before the full command and control structure is in place. In a ‘rising tide’ incident, agencies will have some warning of a potential incident, enabling command and control structures to be put in place to coordinate the response to the incident and any associated evacuation. Flooding events typically fall under the latter of this incidents.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4><strong>Evacuation process</strong></h4> <p>The evacuation process is broken down into five principal phases as follows:</p> <h5><em>Initiate Evacuation</em></h5> <ul> <li>Responding Agencies initiate operating procedures</li> <li>Transport availability identified</li> <li>Evacuation assembly point identified</li> <li>Recovery Cell setup</li> <li>Alert neighbouring areas</li> </ul> <h5><em>Alert Population</em></h5> <ul> <li>Initiate Warning and Informing methods</li> </ul> <h5><em> Move Population</em></h5> <ul> <li>- Affected Local Authorities (LA) move evacuees requiring help to evacuation assembly point (with assistance from Police)</li> <li>- LAs to liaise with transport operators and move evacuees to locations where shelter can be provided</li> </ul> <h5><em>Shelter / Assistance</em></h5> <ul> <li>LAs receive evacuees and provide 48hr shelter where needed.</li> </ul> <h5><em>Return / Recovery.</em></h5> <ul> <li>- Handover to Recovery Group</li> <li>- Inform Population/ Residents</li> <li>- Assess Situation - Reoccupation (if possible)</li> <li>- LAs consider longer term shelter options</li> </ul> <h4>Training and Exercising</h4> <p>Each organisation is responsible for ensuring that its staff are fully trained in its own emergency response procedures, and in its particular role in support of the operation of the London Mass Evacuation Framework and associated plans and protocols. A standardised approach to training and exercising is described in the framework. It is also stated that agencies have to maintain records of their training programmes as evidence.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Once an evacuation plan has been set, it must be made available to the people who might need to use so they can be trained and the effectiveness of the plan validated. This is usually through an exercise which alows responders to simulate an emergency and their response. </p> <p>Also a regularly review and update of the plan has to be undertaken. These updates should take into account learnings from exercises, incidents and changes in policy. It has to be ensured that the latest best practise is incorporated.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/evacuation-planning" hreflang="en">Evacuation planning</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.london.gov.uk/about-us/organisations-we-work/london-prepared/planning-emergencies-capital">City of London</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 18 Jan 2017 09:26:41 +0000 nst 231 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Coastal setbacks on the island of Kauai (USA) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-coastal-setbacks-island-kauai-usa <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Coastal setbacks on the island of Kauai (USA)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 01/16/2017 - 14:34</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/36" hreflang="en">Erosion</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/55" hreflang="en">Avoidance</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/60" hreflang="en">Channel, Coastal and Floodplain Works</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/72" hreflang="en">Managed retreat</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/67" hreflang="en">Grey infrastructure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>On the island of Kauai, Hawaii in the USA, the local governing county has implemented flexible and protective coastal setbacks that protect communities from coastal erosion and avoid shoreline armouring in the long term.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on J.F. O’Connell et al. (2010): "<a href="http://aquaticcommons.org/3942/">The island of Kauai, Hawaii's progressive shoreline setback and coastal protection ordinance</a>" In: Shifting Shorelines: Adapting to the Future,The 22nd International Conference of The Coastal Society , June 13-16, 2010 ,Wilmington, North Carolina.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>In this particular case, there is a disconnect between state regulations on coastal zone management and local or County regulations. In Hawaii, there are state laws that require setbacks along shorelines that are no less than 20 and not more than 40 feet inland from the shoreline and armouring the shoreline is permitted. The regulations at the state level, have however, led to inappropriate constructions in areas that jeopardize the island’s valuable sandy beaches. Thus in spite of an innovative and flexible Ordinance developed in 2008 called the ‘Shoreline Setback and Coastal Protection Ordinance’, the state still allows armouring.</p> <p>The Ordinance puts into place procedures establishing minimum construction setbacks based on average lot depth and long-term shoreline erosion rates that are generated by the University of Hawaii.</p> <p>The objectives of the Ordinance are manifold:</p> <ul> <li>To provide a buffer zone to protect shorefront development from loss due to coastal erosion for a period of time;</li> <li>To provide protection from storm waves;</li> <li>To allow the natural dynamic cycles of erosion and accretion of beaches and dunes to occur;</li> <li>To maintain beach and dune habitat;</li> <li>And to maintain lateral beach access and open space for the enjoyment of the natural shoreline environment.</li> <li>To avoid armouring or hardening the shore which along eroding coasts has been documented to ultimately eliminate the fronting beach.</li> <li> <p>The Island of Kauai is a county within Hawaii and is also the fourth largest of the Hawaiian islands. It is vulnerable to a variety of coastal hazards including inundation, erosion, hurricanes, and tsunamis.</p> </li> </ul> <h4>Local Setting</h4> <p>On the island of Kauai the coasts and sandy beaches are important to the economy and the community. Shoreline armoring as a measure for dealing with climate change can benefit coastal infrastructure but it can also threaten coastal marine habitats and beaches. The potential loss of sandy beaches due to coastal hardening is particularly important in a state like Hawaii and specifically on Kauai where the local economy depends on tourism and beach activities.</p> <p>In Kauai, the county takes the state wide implemented setback of 40 feet as a minimum standard and finds flexible and specific setback lines based on average lot depth and long-term coastal erosion rates that are developed and provided by the University of Kauai. The county, therefore, has taken steps to avoid shoreline armoring and establish safe and environmentally effective setback distances for construction of structures with a 2008 Ordinance. However, the regulations developed at the County level do not match those set by the state.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Political setting</h4> <p>The Kauai case study provides an example of when different levels of government set different regulations that are in conflict with one another. In Kauai, a local level Ordinance has set environmentally protective standards in place that go further than State coastal zone management laws to ensure the integrity of Kauai’s sandy beaches. While the State sets general measures for coastal setbacks and infrastructure development, the County appears to be setting up legislation that is more accurately informed by local circumstances and data and that prioritizes environmental considerations.</p> <p>The Ordinance puts into place procedures establishing setbacks that go beyond the state-wide laws. The County setbacks also consider lot depth and long-term shoreline erosion rates. In order to determine the erosion rates of different areas around the island, the County has partnered with the University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program to conduct an assessment on Climate Change and Coastal Hazards in Kauai and to provide data regularly.</p> <h4>Innovative aspect</h4> <p>In Kauai, the county takes the state wide implemented setback of 40 feet as a minimum standard and finds flexible and specific setback lines based on average lot depth and long-term coastal erosion rates that are developed and provided by the University of Kauai. For existing structures 20 feet is the minimum setback area. It also requires lot depths of greater than 160 feet with a proposed building footprint less than or greater than 5000 square feet to calculate the setback by multiplying the erosion rate by 70 or 100, respectfully on top of a forty food safety buffer.</p> <p>The purpose of the Ordinance is to ensure that structures are not built in areas that are vulnerable to hazards and that shoreline hardening is avoided and not depended on to protect property during its lifetime. There are also specific rules regarding activities and structures that are allowed within the setback are, however, no structure approved within the setback area by variance will be eligible for protection by shoreline hardening.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>There are several interesting elements of the Kauai case study. Firstly, there is an inter-change between local levels of the island County and established state laws on zoning and management. The Ordinance that determines county rules for setback measures is more protective and exact in determining the rules for building and at the same time was designed in a way that is flexible to specific projects and also informed by local data and research. The partnership between the County and the University of Kauai  to establish appropriate setback measurements based on erosion rates on the island illustrates the importance of partnerships between governing entities and institutions with relevant scientific data and knowledge. Finally, the Ordinance is designed to be somewhat flexible but is ultimately environmentally focused in protecting the integrity of sandy beaches and avoiding the hardening of the coast in the future to protect any existing structures.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/coastal-and-river-setbacks" hreflang="en">Coastal and river setbacks</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/stories/Kauai.html">More information from NOAA</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5><span>O'Connell, James</span> and <span>Aiu, Imaikalani</span> and <span>Milnes, Leslie</span> and <span>Smith, Lisa Ellen</span> (2010) <a href="http://aquaticcommons.org/3942/">The island of Kauai, Hawaii's progressive shoreline setback and coastal protection ordinance</a><em>.</em> In: Shifting Shorelines: Adapting to the Future,The 22nd International Conference of The Coastal Society , June 13-16, 2010 ,Wilmington, North Carolina</h5> <h5><span>O'Connell, James</span>  et al. (2009): <a href="http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/hawau/hawauwr09002.pdf">A PROGRESSIVE, BALANCED COASTAL CONSTRUCTION SETBACK ORDINANCE ON THE ISLAND OF KAUAI, HAWAII: IMPLEMENTATION AND LESSONS LEARNED</a>. Proceedings of Coastal Zone 09, Boston, Massachusetts, July 19 to 23, 2009</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Mon, 16 Jan 2017 13:34:18 +0000 nst 229 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Floating roads, Hedel (NL) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-floating-roads-hedel-nl <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Floating roads, Hedel (NL)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 01/16/2017 - 11:17</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/56" hreflang="en">Removal or relocation</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/66" hreflang="en">Combined approach (grey + green)</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1996 the Dutch Department of Transport, Public Works and Water developed a program called ‘Roads to the Future,’ and a component of this project was the testing of a pilot floating road. The testing of the pilot took place in 2003 and aimed to create a 70 meter stretch of road in the town of Hedel, the Netherlands to mitigate against rising ground water levels. The floating road was designed to maintain access and flexibility in traffic and movement and prevent the isolation of a village otherwise cut off by flooding.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="http://www.iiinstitute.nl/referencecases/rc-netherlands-floating-roads">Based on information from the International Intervision Institute</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>The ‘Floating Roads’ pilot project was implemented in Hedel in the Netherlands. The town of Hedel is prone to flooding due to increasing ground water levels which can lead to the isolation or cutting off of the village and impeded traffic flow. The floating road was designed to be some 70 meters in length and withstand vehicles travelling at speeds of up to 80mph. The town of Hedel in the Netherlands has some 5,000 inhabitant. The small size of the town and the infrastructure of the floating road meant that local authorities and government were central to its planning and implementation.</p> <p>The design and construction of the road consisted of standard linked units made of aluminium and filled with polystyrene foam to facilitate ‘floating’. These flexible links were secured into the river bed using steel piles and the top layer of the road itself was constructed using typical concrete and non-flexible materials. Aluminium was chosen as a lightweight material that requires little maintenance and is recyclable. Moreover, the standardized units allow for easy transportation and replacement, if necessary. The links between the units provide enough stiffness but also flexibility to withstand changing water levels. The innovative element of the design was the attachment ramps on either end of the floating road. The attachment ramps were stiff structures designed to withstand movement but implemented with a further safety option of a remote controlled moveable bridge should water levels change abrubtly.</p> <p>The floating road was tested using a normal vehicle under both regular conditions and with incoming waves. The structure performed as expected and the driving experience of the vehicle pilot was not affected by the moving water below. In a simulation test of an emergency situation, a breakdown vehicle went through the same tests and the floating road performed successfully.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Cost-effectiveness and ecosystem-based aspects</h4> <p>Floating and elevated roads are alternatives to bridges and tend to be less expensive. Once constructed, they do not require more maintenance than other types of roads. They are, however, a significant piece of infrastructure and therefore the cost and investment may only be returned once flooding has occurred and been mitigated against.</p> <p>Floating roads take up less space in terms of construction and infrastructure than traditional roads. They also sit on top of groundwater and therefore do not disturb natural flows and therefore also are likely to minimise pollution.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The main question posed in the pilot construction of the floating road was to understand whether there was added value in having floating roads over conventional roads in order to solve traffic problems that ensue amidst extreme flooding and changing groundwater levels. Floating roads were found to be functional in Hedel and also reduce the amount of disturbed space compared to other options such as a traditional road. For example, generally a road floating on groundwater is 20 meters wide whereas a traditional road at one meter above ground level is 45 meters wide. Cost-efficiency was also considered advantageous to that of building a bridge.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/exposed-elements-elevation" hreflang="en">Exposed elements elevation</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.iiinstitute.nl/sites/default/files/FloatingRoad_343.pdf">PDF: Floating Road Documentation</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Mon, 16 Jan 2017 10:17:31 +0000 nst 224 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Concept of „flood proof mooring“ in a Marina (GER) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-concept-flood-proof-mooring-marina-ger <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Concept of „flood proof mooring“ in a Marina (GER)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 01/11/2017 - 13:13</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/56" hreflang="en">Removal or relocation</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-main-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_main_image/public/measures/P4180340.jpg?itok=7TsywFfK" width="315" height="210" alt="Example of a mooring construction at rear piles in tidal waters (3-4m tidal range). (Photo: G. Seiß)" title="Example of a mooring construction at rear piles in tidal waters (Photo: G. Seiß) (3-4m tidal range)." typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-landscape-main-image" /> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Not only land or buildings can be elevated. In Marinas also watercrafts can be allowed to adjust to fluctuations of water level. This concept shows a simple idea of how a 'flood proof mooring' system could look in a Marina in the RISC-KIT case study area in Kiel.</span></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on the <a href="http://coastal-management.eu/governance/kieler-fjord-de">RISC-KIT Case Study in Kiel</a>.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>A brief description of the concept of „flood proof mooring“</h4> <p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">This idea of concept was developed within the RSIC-KIT project and the basic approach has been used already in Marinas with higher magnitude of tidal range. However, this would be a rather new approach for Marinas in the Baltic Sea and the solution for single berths has never been tested. For the project RISC-KIT these ideas were used for the discussion of the <a href="http://coastal-management.eu/measure/multi-criteria-analysis-mca">Multi-Criteria Analysis</a><strong>. </strong></span></p> <p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">The underlying assumption of this approach of risk minimization is that the variability of water level in ports and marinas cannot be significantly influenced. As a result watercrafts are subject to a permanent change in their altitude. Piers or quays, which are fixed in their height, can become a fundamental problem for watercrafts if the degree of freedom in the vertical movement is restricted. </span></p> <p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">For the RISC-KIT case study in Kiel, the Marinas are predominantly equipped with bridges which are fixed in the elevation above mean sea level. The height of the bridges is between 0.7 and 1m over mean sea level. In case of unexpected (summer) storm floods, like the summer storm in 1989, this can lead to severe damages. <span> </span></span></p> <h4>Objective of the measure</h4> <p>The idea of such a system is to compensate the natural variability of water levels at berths for boats / ships by installing a connection to the bridge / land, which is flexible in vertical direction. With this construction the moorings are not loaded by buoyancy / gravity forces during water level changes.</p> <h4>Solutions</h4> <ol> <li>Floating bridges/Pontoons: Such constructions have become standard in waters with regular fluctuations in the water level (e.g. waters with tidal movements). They consist of a load-bearing platform which is provided with buoyancy elements and is either moored on several piles leaving the freedom in vertical movement or is anchored in the harbor bottom at several points. Those constructions are produced already industrially, but can also be built in-house. The conversion of an entire marina may require a considerable effort during a short period (a few thousand Euro / berth) and has to be implemented in units of bridges. Therefore this approach is generally only appropriate during reconstruction / expansion of the infrastructure.</li> <li>Solutions for single berths: On the existing bridge, a mooring device is installed for each berth where the mooring can be realized such that the moorings are guided up and down vertically with the water level. The sketch in shows the idea of such construction. The sketch is not a ready to use construction plan, but the visual expression of the idea. Constructions built solely on that sketch may or not may fulfill the needs of the real world in an individual use case.</li> </ol> <p>In this sketch, the boat is not moored directly at the bridge, but at a floating body, which is moving up and down along a strong wire. The floating line to the rear pile prevents the floating body from turning around the wire and additionally serves as a mooring aid. Depending on the actually existing bridge infrastructure, other constructions are also conceivable. The construction has to be adapted to the expected variability of the water level. All construction components can be made from sustainable building materials (sea water resistant metals / plastics). The construction can be installed berth by berth.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-gallery field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="gallery-left-arrow"><span></span></div> <div class="gallery-right-arrow"><span>></span></div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="gallery-wrapper"> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/Figure%201.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/Figure%201.jpg?itok=y5XxRR39" width="220" height="191" alt="Sketch of a single berth solution, which can be constructed also in-house. (Sketch: G. Seiß)" title="Sketch of a single berth solution, which can be constructed also in-house. (Sketch: G. Seiß)" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/P4180340.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/P4180340.jpg?itok=ax2d2BR8" width="220" height="165" alt="Example of a mooring construction at rear piles in tidal waters (3-4m tidal range). (Photo: G. Seiß)" title="Example of a mooring construction at rear piles in tidal waters (3-4m tidal range). (Photo: G. Seiß)" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/P4180342_b.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/P4180342_b.jpg?itok=9rCPkvql" width="165" height="220" alt="Example of a mooring construction (Photo: G. Seiß)" title="Example of a mooring construction (Photo: G. Seiß)" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/SchwimmstegWendtorf.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/SchwimmstegWendtorf.jpg?itok=7K9NY4RR" width="220" height="165" alt="Floating bridge in Marina Wendtorf (Baltic Sea) (Photo: G. Seiß)" title="Floating bridge in Marina Wendtorf (Baltic Sea) (Photo: G. Seiß)" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/FloodproofDamp2.JPG"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/FloodproofDamp2.JPG?itok=cBrOXqVP" width="165" height="220" alt="Alternative solution for a single berth in Damp (Baltic Sea) (Photo: G. Seiß)" title="Alternative solution for a single berth in Damp (Baltic Sea) (Photo: G. Seiß)" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h6>Disclaimer: The sketch in Figure 1 is not a ready to use construction plan, but the visual expression of an idea. Constructions built solely on that sketch may or not may fulfill the needs of the real world in an individual use case.</h6></div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/exposed-elements-elevation" hreflang="en">Exposed elements elevation</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 11 Jan 2017 12:13:54 +0000 nst 220 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Marina Emergency Plan, Gangplank (USA) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-marina-emergency-plan-gangplank-usa <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Marina Emergency Plan, Gangplank (USA)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 12/06/2016 - 17:02</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 2008 the Marina Gangplank Wharf, located in Washington D.C., USA, published a revised version of a ‘Severe Weather Preparedness Plan’. This plan is designed to provide slipholders and marina employee’s guidance with respect to the actions the marina will take at the approach of severe weather and/or hurricane landfall in the Washington Metropolitan Area.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="http://www.gangplank.com/documents/SevereWeatherPreparednessPlan-PDF.pdf">Based on the Severe Weather Preparedness Plan of the Marina Gangplank Wharf,  Washington D.C., USA </a> </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The plan describes the slipholders duties and responsibilities and how to survive direct hits from hurricanes. The plan draws upon lessons learned from the landfall of the remnants of Hurricane Isabel (Metropolitan Area 2003), Hurricane Andrew (Miami 1998), Hurricane Katrina (Louisiana/Mississippi 2004) and Hurricane Rita (Texas 2004). It also describes the responsibilities of ship-owners in case of an emergency and states very clear: “The marina will not prepare your vessel for you” (p.7). In case of a severe storm, the marina will set up a severe weather response team. It will consist of the Dockmaster, the Director of Maintenance, the Assistant Director of Maintenance, the Assistant Dockmaster, the Office Manager and all maintenance staff.</p> <p><em>“OWNERS AND AUTHORIZED AGENTS OF VESSELS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL DAMAGE THEIR VESSEL INFLICTS UPON ANOTHER BOAT OR TO MARINA PROPERTY—IF THEY FAIL TO TAKE PRUDENT EFFORTS TO PROPERLY SECURE THEIR VESSEL FOR THE STORM.” </em>(Severe Weather Preparedness Plan, p.7)</p> <p>Main part of the emergency plan is the description of four levels of severe weather preparedness.</p> <p><strong>Phase Four</strong>: During hurricane season (June 1 to November 30), the marina will continuously maintain Phase Four status. This status requires review and revision of the severe weather plan, inventory of severe weather emergency supplies and acquisition of additional supplies and maintenance of equipment that will be required during a severe weather emergency.</p> <p><strong>Phase Three: </strong>In case of an approaching Hurricane, Phase Three indicates that the marina will be subjected to sustained gale-force winds (39 mph) or greater within seventy-two to forty-eight hours. For example,  following action will be implemented during Phase Three:</p> <ul> <li>Slipholders get notified via e‐mail that the marina has implemented its severe weather plan.</li> <li>Slipholders are required to double line, deploy chafing gear, remove dinghies, reduce their windage (by removing canvas, biminis, sails) and lash or remove all items on deck</li> <li>Three rooms will be secured for employees, with vital records and emergency equipment and supplies for two to five days as dictated by the estimated strength of the storm and flood tides.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Phase Two</strong>: The Hurricane is approaching. Marina will experience sustained gale‐force winds within forty‐eight to twenty‐four hours and a hurricane strike will more likely than not strike the marina. For actions will be taken during this phase:</p> <ul> <li>The marina ceases operations and all staff will prepare for the hurricane. All pumpouts must be completed by this time.</li> <li>The Dockmaster will close the marina to all inbound transient vessels. All vessels which have been ordered to depart must have left the marina.</li> <li>The Marina Manager and Dockmaster shall make an inspection of Cantina Marina to determine what items are required to be secured.</li> </ul></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Phase One</strong>: The Hurricane Warning has been issued and the Hurricane will strike the marina or pass very close to the facility within twenty four hours.</p> <ul> <li>Based upon consideration of all the circumstances, the Marina Manager will determine whether or not to issue an order to evacuate the marina.</li> <li>Upon issuance of an evacuation order, the Assistant Dockmaster will communicate via e-mail and telephonically to all slipholders and landside tenants that the marina is under an evacuation order and that evacuation must be completed within twelve hours after which the marina will be locked down.</li> <li>Marina Manager, Dockmaster and Director of Maintenance will perform final check of vessels for doubling of lines and, with respect to T-head vessels remaining in the marina, deployment of anchors and that all items on the dock have been removed or are properly lashed.</li> <li>At twelve hours prior to the storms passage, the marina will lock-down. The main gate will be chained and locked and no entry other than marina personnel will be permitted.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Post-Storm Procedures: </strong>After passage of the storm, only employees shall be permitted entry to the marina until such time as an assessment of the structural integrity of all docks has been completed by the Manager, Dockmaster and Director of Maintenance. This assessment will be conducted as soon as conditions permit.</p> <ul> <li>Sunken vessels will be immediately inspected for survivors and/or bodies and will be marked with florescent paint noting they have been inspected and the results of those inspections.</li> <li>Environmental hazards shall be identified (sunken vessels, ruptured containment vessels) and mitigation of these hazards shall begin immediately</li> <li>The Marina Manager shall, as soon as practicable, file with the marina’s insurer a casualty report and shall document the damage to the marina with photographs.</li> </ul></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">The Marina Emergency Plan is a good example of preparedness measure to cope with extreme events. The effort is comparatively low compared with the benefits of such a plan. But to be most effective in case of an emergency it is essential to update such a plan on a regular basis and enforce trainings on how to execute this.</span></p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/emergency-response-plan-marina" hreflang="en">Emergency Response Plan for a Marina</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.gangplank.com/contact.html">Website of Marina Gangplank</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Tue, 06 Dec 2016 16:02:12 +0000 nst 197 at https://coastal-management.eu