Public Awareness and Preparedness https://coastal-management.eu/ en Flood Hazard Mapping https://coastal-management.eu/measure/flood-hazard-mapping <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Flood Hazard Mapping </span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 02/23/2017 - 12:01</span> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Flood hazard mapping is an exercise to define those coastal areas which are at risk of flooding under extreme conditions.  As such, its primary objective is to reduce the impact of coastal flooding.  However, mapping of erosion risk areas may serve to achieve erosion risk reduction.  It acts as an information system to enhance our understanding and awareness of coastal risk.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on kindly provided information by the <a href="http://www.climatetechwiki.org/content/flood-hazard-mapping">ClimateTechWiki </a> and the TNA Guidebook on '<a href="http://www.unep.org/pdf/TNAhandbook_CoastalErosionFlooding.pdf">Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation'</a> by Matthew M. Linham & Robert J. Nicholls</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General Description</h4> <p>Flood Hazard Mapping are easily-read, rapidly-accessible charts and maps which facilitate the identification of areas at risk of flooding and also helps prioritise mitigation and response efforts (Bapulu & Sinha, 2005). </p> <p>Flood hazard maps are also designed to increase awareness of the likelihood of flooding among the public, local authorities and other organizations and  encourage people at risk to learn of the options and take appropriate action (Environment Agency, 2010).</p> <p>It is important to consider the changes over time in flood hazard mapping.  For example, SLR and changes in storm intensity, occurring as a result of climate change, will causes changes in the areas susceptible to flooding. </p> <h4>Advantages</h4> <p>Identification of flood risk areas is likely to help in the planning of a more effective emergency response. Flood hazard mapping will allow quantification of what is at risk of being flooded such as the number of houses or businesses.  This will help identify the scale of emergency and clean-up operations.</p> <p>For example, the creation of flood hazard maps will  allow planners to locate essential infrastructure, such as electricity supplies, sewage treatment, etc., and emergency services so that they can continue to serve during an extreme event.  Alternatively, flood hazard mapping may highlight a requirement to defend these elements from flooding. </p> <p>The creation of flood hazard maps should promote greater awareness of the risk of flooding.  This can be beneficial in encouraging hazard zone residents to prepare for the occurrence of flooding. In the longer-term, flood hazard maps can support planning and development by identifying high risk locations and steering development away from these areas.  In order for this to occur, the consideration of flood hazard maps must be integrated into planning procedures.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Disadvantages</h4> <p>In itself, flood hazard mapping does not cause a reduction in flood risk, It must be integrated into other procedures, such as emergency response planning and town planning, before the full benefits can be realised.</p> <p>More advanced, accurate flood hazard maps are likely to rely on complex numerical models due to the lack of observed extreme event data.  This requires a degree of expertise to implement.  The collection of topographic and bathymetric data to complement extreme water level and wave height information could also be expensive to collect.</p> <h4>Costs</h4> <p>The costs of flood hazard mapping are not widely known.  Therefore it is not possible to provide likely cost estimates here.  However, a number of factors which are likely to contribute toward the cost of flood hazard mapping:</p> <ul> <li>External expertise on numerical modelling of flood risk brought in from academic institutions or commercial organisations</li> <li>Topographic surveys (LiDAR or remote sensing) to provide information on land elevation which will feed back into the flood risk model</li> <li>Historic costs of collecting extreme event data such as water levels, wave heights, etc.</li> <li>Cost of employing a Geographic Information System (GIS) </li> </ul> <h4>Barriers to implementation</h4> <p>Flood hazard mapping relies on the availability of topographic, and long-term extreme event data and complex numerical modelling techniques. </p> <p>A lack of public understanding about the benefits of flood hazard mapping may also provide a barrier to implementation.  If the public is unaware of the benefits of flood hazard mapping, they may prefer to see public money spent on more tangible flood and erosion protection measures.</p> <h4>Opportunities for implementation</h4> <p>Flood hazard mapping complements and strengthens other adaptation options, such as flood-proofing measures, emergency planning, provision of flood shelters and evacuation planning.  As such, this approach could be applied almost universally, irrespective of the other adaptation technologies that are used.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Bapulu, G.V. and Sinha, R. (2005) GIS in Flood Hazard Mapping: a case study of Kosi River Basin, India.  Noida: GIS Development.  </span></h5> <h5><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Environment Agency (2010) Flood Map - your questions answered.  Rotherham: Environment Agency.  </span></h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 23 Feb 2017 11:01:23 +0000 nst 298 at https://coastal-management.eu Public Education Schemes https://coastal-management.eu/measure/public-education-schemes <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Public Education Schemes</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 02/23/2017 - 11:25</span> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Not all stakeholders are aware or informed about their vulnerability to a changing climate, or flood risk protection. Nor are they aware of the pro-active measures they can take to adapt or deal with climate change. Awareness raising and education programs are therefore important to manage the impacts of climate change, enhance peoples’ capacity to deal with the impacts, and reduce overall vulnerability.</p> <p>Sharing knowledge in this way can help build safety and resilience, reduce future hazard impacts. Communities and individuals usually want to become partners in this, and the public can be empowered to deal with the impacts and reduce future problems related to flood risk and disaster risk response.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on the <a href="http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/adaptation-options/awareness-campaigns-for-behavioural-change ">information available on ClimateAdapt Platform</a> and the Ifrc-Guide on <a href="http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/disasters/reducing_risks/302200-Public-awareness-DDR-guide-EN.pdf">Public awareness and public education for disaster risk reduction.</a></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Several types of approaches can be used such as campaigns, participatory learning, informal education, formal school based interventions.</p> <p>Given that individuals and communities are in different positions, in terms of both capacity to act as well as vulnerability or being affected by, awareness raising schemes need to be tailored to their audience.</p> <p>Large climate change awareness raising campaigns are often a mixture of mitigation, energy efficiency, and sustainability measures rather than adaptation measures.</p> <h4>Benefits</h4> <p>The benefits also mean that through knowledge transfer, the resilience of the community or individuals can be increased which is essentially transforming knowledge and information into potential for action, protection and mitigation of harmful effects. It stimulates self-mobilisation and makes excellent use of local knowledge and resources for improved overall capacity.</p> <p>Awareness raising is continually relevant, and should be adapted as information and situation changes. Therefore, awareness raising is not only a first step but a step that can continually offer support to effectively managing flood risks.</p> <p>It is also generally a measure that can accompany many others, explaining to a community the options available to for instance, prevent erosion at a local beach, thereby in theory, informing decision making and improving democratic participation in climate change adaptation and decision making.</p> <h4>Disadvantages</h4> <p>In itself, flood hazard mapping does not cause a reduction in flood risk nor does it directly lead to people adopting risk-reduction measures. Researchers have found that people take action only when</p> <ul> <li>They know what specific actions can be taken to reduce their risks;</li> <li>They are convinced these actions will be effective;</li> <li>They people in their own ability to carry out the tasks.</li> </ul></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Costs</h4> <p>Awareness raising and school education schemes are generally inexpensive in comparison to some other mitigation efforts, however, they also vary in scale, thoroughness, and continuation. For instance, in order to be effective, generally education and awareness raising should include consistent and standard messaging, legitimacy and credibility, and scalability. It may require adaptation to specific local circumstances, such as language translation, or continual evaluation as a situation changes or becomes different. It may also only be effective if it reaches the target stakeholders it was designed for, who may for instance, have low capacity to deal with flood disasters despite having increased their awareness about them. Thus finding, low cost solutions or area specific options is crucial.</p> <p>Thus, awareness raising and education programs are most effective when developed through a participatory approach where needs, expectations, and capacity are measured and information is developed together. Moreover, the more tailored, maintained and thoughtful the approach the more likely it will be to be put into practice.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 23 Feb 2017 10:25:51 +0000 nst 297 at https://coastal-management.eu Insurance Risk Financing https://coastal-management.eu/measure/insurance-risk-financing <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Insurance Risk Financing</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 02/20/2017 - 10:12</span> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Insurance, risk financing, compensation and tax relief have two main purposes in the management of flood risk. Firstly, and most obviously, the provision of these financial mechanisms can be used by those at risk to offset their financial risk from flooding. Although these financial tools obviously do not prevent flooding, they allow recovery without placing undue financial burdens on those impacted by flood disasters.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><em>Based on: <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2241">Jha, Abhas K., Robin Bloch, and Jessica Lamond. Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. World Bank Publications, 2012.</a></em></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Advantages</h4> <p>The advantages of flood insurance are clear. For low frequency but high impact events, the provision of insurance spreads the risk of financial loss, centralizes the holding of disaster reserves, and should therefore be a more efficient method of financing disaster recovery. Because of this, governments are increasingly beginning to examine insurance as a risk management option.</p> <p>The second major function of disaster insurance, compensation and tax relief schemes is to reduce risk and damage, via the need for risk assessment and encouragement of risk mitigation (Cummins and Mahul 2009; Kunreuther 2002). If risk is correctly priced then the incentive to mitigate risks exists via premium pricing; many insurance contracts also implicitly require the policyholder to undertake reasonable risk reduction and mitigation activities and this obligation can be made more explicit, or mandatory, for coverage to apply. Similarly, compensation can be targeted to resilient reconstruction, whilst tax schemes have the potential to influence many aspects of reconstruction, including the use or set aside of flood-prone land. As disaster relief funds are increasingly overstretched, and tend to divert finance from other important development programs, the main focus of this section is the potential to move towards insurance.</p> <h4>Disadvantages</h4> <p>Highly relevant in the context of flood insurance, adverse selection and moral hazard are two behavioral phenomena which undermine the efficient operation of insurance markets where there may be information asymmetry (i.e., policy holders know more about the risk they face than the insurer does). This leads to the potential for adverse selection. Those people who are poorer risks than the average will tend to insure; the informational problems imply that the risk will not be priced correctly. As an example, flood risk is often assessed on an area basis, such as the average damage per property in a postal or zip code. But within a particular code some properties may be on raised ground whilst others are not. If insurance is not mandatory, then it is the residents on low ground who will buy insurance and their average claim will be higher than the code average. This results in an under pricing of risk and, potentially, claims which cannot be met from reserved premiums. The adverse selection problem is minimized where insurance coverage is high, or where cover is mandatory. Moral hazard exists if there is no reward for risk mitigation behavior built into insurance products. Policy holders will therefore rely on insurance to offset their risk and undertake no self-protection. Policy holders will therefore rely on insurance to offset their risk and undertake no self-protection. This has been observed to be the case in the UK, where there is no effective mechanism for premium adjustment in the domestic market in consequence of self-protection, partly due to competition but also to transaction costs. The action of moral hazard results in increased damage costs and higher premiums for all. The use of excess charges, regulation and policy exclusions could potentially encourage self-protection (Kunreuther 2002) but may be difficult to enforce in a market-based system. Alternatively, awareness raising and education regarding the intangible</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Financial Requirements and Cost</h4> <p>The coverage of natural disasters in general, and flooding in particular, varies a great deal across nations. For buildings, there is an estimated coverage of 40 percent of high income country losses, falling to 10 percent in middle income countries and less than five percent in low income countries. The UK is one of the best covered countries with 95 percent coverage; by contrast, Taiwan’s coverage is below one percent. Although, following this, there is a perception that, flood insurance coverage is universally high in developed countries and the converse in developing countries, this is in fact not the case. Swiss Re has estimated, for example, that in the Netherlands flood insurance coverage is typically very low, whereas in Indonesia it may be as high as 20 percent (Gaschen et al. 1998). Purchase of insurance is highly dependent on a number of factors, including its availability and cost, the level of the provision of disaster relief, general risk awareness, and attitudes to collective and individual risk (Lamond and Proverbs 2009).</p> <h4>Barriers to implementation</h4> <p>To qualify for insurance, risks have to be insurable. From an insurance provider’s perspective insurability equates to:</p> <ul> <li>Risk that is quantifiable</li> <li>Risk that is randomly distributed</li> <li>A high enough number of policy holders to diversify risk</li> <li>Sufficient chargeable premium to cover the expected claims, and transaction costs, whilst remaining affordable to policy holders.</li> </ul> <p>For market-derived insurance, a profit margin is also necessary. In the context of flood risk, particularly in developing countries, the quantifiable aspect of insurability is problematic. Flooding is less predictable in its onset and outcomes than for other natural hazards; the availability and reliability of historic data in developing countries is low. The cost of insurance may also pose a problem for prospective policy holders in lower income countries. Many households already exist below economic subsistence level and have no money to spare for the purpose.</p> <p>In a mature market with good information and well-priced risk, the spread of risk should be appropriate. Even in the developed world, however, the steps in development of a mature market may involve insurers accepting patterns of risk which are less diverse and therefore have unaffordable premiums.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>Cummins, J. D. & Mahul, O. 2009. <em>Catastrophe Risk Financing in Developing Countries</em>. Washington, DC: World Bank.</h5> <h5>Gaschen, S., Hausmann, P., Menzinger, I. & Schaad, W. 1998. Floods – an insurable risk? A market survey. Zurich: Swiss Re.</h5> <h5>Kunreuther, H. 2002. “The role of insurance in managing extreme events: implications for terrorism coverage.” <em>Risk Analysis 22 </em>(3): 427–37.</h5> <h5>Lamond, J. & Proverbs, D. 2009. “Resilience to flooding: learning the lessons from an international comparison of the barriers to implementation.” <em>Urban Design and Planning </em>162: 63-70.</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Mon, 20 Feb 2017 09:12:14 +0000 nst 295 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Developing an Attica Wetland Action Plan (GR) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-developing-attica-wetland-action-plan-gr <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Developing an Attica Wetland Action Plan (GR)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 02/16/2017 - 09:27</span> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB">Attica, Greece is a region with extensive wetlands that include streams, estuaries and coastal marshes. The land area is also heavily in use for agriculture and experiences competition from various anthropocentric uses which have created a largely degraded environment. The wetlands that dot the region, are largely considered by communities as the remaining environmental hotspots and serve not only as ecologically important areas but peoples’ remaining contact with nature. They are for this reason, closely tied to community use and general well being. To protect these wetlands, an </span><span lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB">Attica Wetland Action Plan</span> was developed.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/case-studies/wetland-adaptation-in-attica-region-greece-1">Based on the information available on ClimateAdapt Platform</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h3>General description</h3> <p><span lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB">Recognising the need for the sustainable and ecological management of these wetlands the Environmental Department of Attica Regional Authority with support from the Greek Biotope Wetland Centre (EKBY) developed an Attica Wetland Action Plan.</span><span lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB">The Action Plan is designed around seven axes under which measures with specific priority actions are identified. The strategy includes sustainable management and restoration of wetlands; their interconnection in a green arc; the evaluation of the services provided; awareness raising and environmental education in biodiversity and climate change and citizen participation. </span></p> <p>The Action Plan is built on seven axes under which measures are listed and assigned priority. The development of the Action Plan sought to protect and preserve the biodiverse wetlands while simultaneously creating sustainable opportunities for use by the local community. In order to ensure acceptance and eventual implementation of the Action Plan, participation by the affected communities was central to its design and development. While there were no issues in developing the plan, ensuring its effective implementation faced several limiting factors including limited funds, operational capacity of involved services and bodies to take proposed action measure, regulation of land uses in relation to protection and restoration.</p> <p>The region of Attica is a Metropolitan Region and the first in Greece to be mobilized towards a climate change adaptation strategy. It therefore was new in bringing a participatory process forward to propose management for natural ecosystems while dealing with sensitive issues of competitive land use between agricultural needs and environmental ones. The local authorities development of an Adaptation Plan brought together local authorities, social groups, environmental organisations and research institutes for the protection of wetlands in its jurisdiction.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Cost-effective and innovative aspects</h4> <p>The planned implementation of the Action Plan is meant to mitigate the effects of human interventions resulting from usage (i.e. agriculture) as well as pressures stemming from climate change. Implementing the suggested measures is expected to improve the protection of the coasts by reducing the effects of waves, storms and currents. It is also expected to improve water quality in the region by trapping sediments, nutrients and toxic substances. It is also expected to improve the possibility of economic returns of those using the wetlands.</p> <p>During the development of the Adaptation Plan several awareness raising events were organized in the wetland in order to involve and educate local community members. For example, in 2014 a training seminar “Adaptation Strategy for Attica Wetlands” provided hands-on training for some 80 participants. In 2015, the Attica Region had a Green Week event called “Raising support to restore the wetland of Brexiza, in the Region of Attica Greece” which brought some 90 individuals to Brexiza to learn about the biodiversity of the area and its historical importance as an archaeological site of the Roman great temple of the Egyptian gods. Through public support, this event brought about a dialogue on Brexiza wetland restoration and biodiversity protection as well as on the implementation of the Action Plan.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Prior to the development of the regional Adaptation Plan, knowledge and awareness about climate change adaptation and wetlands in particular was low and non-existent in the community. The partnership between the Regional Authority and a scientific environmental organisation, was an important partnership for mutual learning and the introduction of climate change planning for the first time. Moreover, the development of the Adptation Plan was participatory in its design, and thus generated wide support for the suggested measures despite previous issues related to competitive land use and widespread environmental degradation. The development of the Adaptation Plan had the effect of raising awareness of citizens and other actors, facilitating new collaborations between private, public and governmental actors, and generally brought into consideration a sustainable management plan for the wetlands.</p> <p>In regions or situations where adaptation to climate change is being introduced for the first time, ensuring a participatory process whereby actors develop management plans through mutual learning and exchange</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/spatial-planning-and-integrated-coastal-zone-management-iczm" hreflang="en">Spatial Planning and Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 16 Feb 2017 08:27:37 +0000 nst 292 at https://coastal-management.eu Information Platforms https://coastal-management.eu/measure/information-platforms <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Information Platforms</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 01/25/2017 - 15:31</span> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Before implementing DRR measures, coastal stakeholder should be informed about the different possible measures and their characteristics. There are several of existing website that provides such information. For the RISC-KIT Costal Management Guide expertise was drawn from such platforms. A selection of these will be presented below.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>RISC-KIT Costal Management Guide expertise was drawn from different information platforms. Information came from website, brochures, or handbooks. All of them provide valuable insights when dealing with DRR measures.</p> <h5><strong>Scottish Natural Heritage: A guide to managing coastal erosion in beach/dune systems </strong></h5> <p>Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) developed a website in already in 2000 to manage coastal erosion on Scottish coasts. With this website, the SNH “seeks to encourage coastal authorities and managers to implement approaches to erosion management which maintain the important and varied conservation interests of Scotland’s unique beach and dune systems.”</p> <p>The website reviews the options available for managing erosion, from non-intervention through to construction of revetments and seawalls, and offers guidance on how to select or design the most appropriate response to a particular situation. Critically, it describes and illustrates how each technique might best be designed so as to minimise damage to the natural heritage and reduce the prospects of altering shoreline evolution elsewhere.</p> <p>The website can be found <a href="http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/heritagemanagement/erosion/index.shtml">here</a>.</p> <h5><strong>Flanders Marine Institute: Coastal Wiki</strong></h5> <p>The Coastal Wiki was developed by the Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) and is based on the Wikipedia concept. It is an information tool combined with a search function. Articles about different coastal topics are typically 2-3 pages long and are structured according to different layers of specialization. Authors focus in their articles on a single topic at a certain level of detail, but are capable to provide a wider context and to provide more detailed information by introducing links to related articles. An important difference to the traditional Wikipedia concept is that it is not possible to edit anonymous at the Coastal Wiki.</p> <p>The primary users of the Coastal and Marine Wikipedia are coastal professionals, who are either generalists who need to update their knowledge about a broad range of subjects or specialists who need to gain an understanding of other sectors or disciplines in order to work in an integrated manner. Target user groups are for example policy makers, practitioners, scientists, or the wider public.</p> <p>The website can be found <a href="http://www.coastalwiki.org/">here</a></p> <h5><strong>The Associated Programme on Flood Management (APFM): Tools for Integrated Flood Management</strong></h5> <p>The Associated Programme on Flood Management (APFM) is a joint initiative of the <a href="http://www.wmo.int/pages/index_en.html">World Meteorological Organization (WMO)</a> and the <a href="http://www.gwpforum.org/">Global Water Partnership (GWP)</a>. It promotes the concept of Integrated Flood Management (IFM) as a new approach to flood management. Within the IFM, the APFM published a series of tools for integrated flood management. These tools provide guidance for flood managers and various other specialists working in flood management.</p> <p>These tools address aspects like management of flash floods, conservation and restoration of rivers and floodplains, flood emergency planning, or flood proofing.</p> <p>The list of tools can be found <a href="http://www.apfm.info/ifm_tools.htm">here</a>.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h5><strong>World Bank: Cities and Flooding - A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century.</strong></h5> <p>A guidebook about Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management was written in 2012 by Jha, Bloch, and Lamond. The guide, published by the World Bank, serves as a primer for decision and policy makers, technical specialists, central, regional and local government officials, and concerned stakeholders in the community sector, civil society and non-governmental organizations, and the private sector.</p> <p>The Guide embodies the state-of-the art on integrated urban flood risk management. The Guide starts with a summary for policy makers which outlines and describes the key areas which policy makers need to be knowledgeable about to create policy directions and an integrated strategic approach for urban flood risk management. The core of the Guide consists of seven chapters, organized as: understanding flood hazard; understanding flood impacts; integrated flood risk management (structural measures and non-structural measures); evaluating alternative flood risk management options: tools for decision makers; implementing integrated flood risk management; and conclusion.</p> <p>The pdf version of the guide can be viewed <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2241">here</a>.</p> <h5><strong>Scottish Environment Protection Agency: Natural Flood Management Handbook’</strong></h5> <p>In 2015 the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) published a handbook to provide practical guidance to the delivery of natural flood management. It is informed by a number of demonstration projects and studies commissioned by SEPA and partners in recent years that have highlighted some of the requirements for the effective delivery of natural flood management. It is primarily aimed at local authorities tasked with delivery of actions set out in the Flood Risk Management Strategies, but it is also intended to be of use to all those seeking to deliver natural flood management.</p> <p>The ‘Natural Flood Management Handbook’ can be downloaded <a href="https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/163560/sepa-natural-flood-management-handbook1.pdf">here</a>.</p> <h5><strong>United Nations Environment Programme: Green Infrastructure Guide for Water Management. Ecosystem-based management approaches for water-related infrastructure projects</strong></h5> <p>The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), together with UNEP-DHI, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and the World Resources Institute (WRI) published a guide in 2014 to raise awareness of the benefits of Green Infrastructure (GI) solutions for water resources management.</p> <p>The guide takes a pragmatic approach to water management, and shows that GI can provide significant water management benefits and co-benefits, and also can support benefits from  existing grey water infrastructure through a mutually complimentary mix of green and grey solutions. In addition to providing an overview of GI solutions for water management, this guide includes an outline methodology for water management options assessment, as well as a risk and uncertainty analysis. The guide concludes with a brief overview of practical tools to support the evaluation of appropriate solutions.</p> <p>The pdf version of the book can be seen <a href="http://web.unep.org/ecosystems/sites/default/files/uploads/resource/file/Green%20infrastructure%20Guide.pdf">here</a>.</p> <h5><strong>The European Climate Adaptation Platform (CLIMATE-ADAPT) </strong></h5> <p>The European Climate Adaptation Platform (CLIMATE-ADAPT) is a partnership between the European Commission (DG CLIMA, DG Joint Research Centre and other DGs) and the European Environment Agency.</p> <p>CLIMATE-ADAPT aims to support Europe in adapting to climate change and helps users to access and share data and information on:</p> <ul> <li>Expected climate change in Europe</li> <li>Current and future vulnerability of regions and sectors</li> <li>EU, national and transnational adaptation strategies and actions</li> <li>Adaptation case studies and potential adaptation options</li> <li>Tools that support adaptation planning</li> </ul> <p>CLIMATE-ADAPT provides a database where information addressing coastal DRR measures can be found. These include description of DRR measures as well as information about case studies.</p> <p>The platform can be found <a href="http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu">here</a>.</p> <h5><strong>UK Environment Agency: Fluvial Design Guide</strong></h5> <p>The Fluvial Design Guide is aimed at professional staff engaged in the design process from the early stages of looking at alternative solutions through to the delivery of the outputs of design for the construction, maintenance, refurbishment or alteration of flood defence or land drainage assets. The guide is thus intended to be used by both designers and asset managers.</p> <p>The Fluvial Design Guide comprises eleven chapters, which are accessed via the table of contents. In addition, individual chapters are available as <a href="http://evidence.environment-agency.gov.uk/FCERM/en/FluvialDesignGuide.aspx">pdf downloads</a>.</p> <h4> </h4> <h4>ADDITIONAL INFORMATION</h4> <p>Apart from the sources used for this web-guide, there are also other information sources available. A few of them are listed below:</p> <p><strong>OURCOAST - the European portal for ICZM: </strong>OURCOAST is an exhaustive European web-portal about Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). It shares detailed information on Best Practices on ICZM in a Context of Adaptation to Climate Change in Coastal Areas. The web-portal can be found <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/ourcoast/">here</a>.</p> <p><strong>EUROSION</strong>:  The EU project EUROSION (2002-2004) emphasized on pilot projects which focused on erosion management. The project website offers a GIS database and a Shoreline Management Guide that is based in pilot projects across Europe. The project can be found <a href="http://www.eurosion.org/">here</a>:</p> <p><strong>CONSCIENCE</strong>: The EU project CONSCIENCE was launched in 2007 with the aim of enhancing the implementation of a scientifically based sustainable coastal erosion management in Europe. It has been testing scientific concepts and tools in six pilot sites around Europe, building on the recommendations on coastal erosion management as issued by the <a href="http://www.eurosion.org/">EUROSION</a> project.</p> <p><strong>FLOODsite</strong>: The EU project covers the physical, environmental, ecological and socio-economic aspects of floods from rivers, estuaries and the sea. It provides decision support technologies, uncertainty estimation and pilot applications for river, estuary and coastal sites. The website can be found <a href="http://www.floodsite.net/default.htm">here</a>.</p> <p><strong>RISES-AM</strong>: The core of EU project RISES-AM (2013-2016) was assessing the cross-sectoral and economy-wide impacts and vulnerability of coastal systems at local, regional and global scales. The project made use of the concepts of representative concentration pathways (RCPs) and shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs). The website can be found <a href="http://www.risesam.eu/">here</a>.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 25 Jan 2017 14:31:51 +0000 nst 270 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Vulnerability Assessment for Marin's Ocean Coast, California (USA) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-vulnerability-assessment-marins-ocean-coast-california-usa <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Vulnerability Assessment for Marin's Ocean Coast, California (USA)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 01/24/2017 - 14:06</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/36" hreflang="en">Erosion</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 2015, the Marin County Community Development Agency (CDA) published a Vulnerability Assessment based on information from technical advisors, utility managers, and West Marin residents. The Assessment summarizes the expected timing and extent of impacts, laying a foundation of knowledge to guide adaptation planning.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on information from <a href="//www.marincounty.org/depts/cd/divisions/planning/sea-level-rise/draft-vulnerability-assessment">Marin County Community Development Agency (CDA).</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>Marin County is located in the San Francisco Bay Area of the U.S. state of California. Marin’s coastline is stated to be vulnerable to sea level rise and changing storm patterns that accompany climate change. Over one-quarter of Marin County properties and natural and community assets are threatened by sea level rise along the coast. </p> <p>The Marin County Community Development Agency together with different partners began in 2014 to develop a Vulnerability Assessment. The assessment presents asset profiles describing the vulnerability of parcels and buildings, transportation networks, utilities, working lands, natural resources, recreational activities, emergency services, and historic and archaeological resources; and community profiles highlighting vulnerable assets in different parts of the county. The findings are based on a combination of different sea level and storm scenarios representing near-term, medium-term, and long-term futures.</p> <p>The Vulnerability Assessment is “advisory and not a regulatory or legal standard of review for actions that the Marin County government or CA Coastal Commission may take under the Coastal Act.” (CDA 2015: 4)</p> <p>The Assessment is broken down in five different sections:</p> <ul> <li>Executive Summary and Introduction</li> <li>Asset Profiles</li> <li>Community Profiles</li> <li>Conclusion and Appendices</li> <li>Vulnerability Assessment Maps</li> </ul></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Methodology</h4> <p>The Assessment methodology is based on the <a href="http://resources.ca.gov/docs/climate/01APG_Planning_for_Adaptive_Communities.pdf">California Climate Adaptation Planning Guide</a> (CA Emergency Management Agency, 2012). Based on this planning guide, five phases were undertaken (CDA 2015: 17):</p> <ul> <li>Phase 1| Exposure: Assess potential changes in water level from sea level rise, storm events, and geomorphic change, and the built and natural assets that could be impacted</li> <li>Phase 2| Sensitivity: Assess the degree of damage or disruption sea level rise and storms could cause on the exposed assets.</li> <li>Phase 3| Adaptive Capacity: Assess each asset’s adaptive capacity, or ability to respond successfully, to sea level rise and storms.</li> <li>Phase 4| Potential Impacts: Evaluate the potential consequences to the assets and larger context, assuming no intervention actions.</li> <li>Phase 5| Risk & Onset: Describe the certainty and timing of impacts.</li> </ul> <h4>Key Findings</h4> <p>In the coastal zone of Marin County, over 10 percent of buildings are vulnerable to a scenario with 40 inches of sea level rise and a 100-year storm. In a scenario of 80 inches of sea level rise combined with a 100-year-storm event, even 20 percent of buildings at the coast would be vulnerable. Depending on the scenario between 2.5 and 20 miles of road may be exposed to sea level rise and storm flooding.</p> <p>Other vulnerable assets of coastal Marin are:</p> <ul> <li>Beaches,</li> <li>underground on-site wastewater treatment systems</li> <li>Water distribution pipe</li> <li>Fire service facilities and tsunami routes</li> <li>Recreational facilities</li> </ul> <p>More information and the pdf version of the Vulnerability Assessment can be found here: <a href="http://www.marincounty.org/depts/cd/divisions/planning/sea-level-rise/draft-vulnerability-assessment">http://www.marincounty.org/depts/cd/divisions/planning/sea-level-rise/draft-vulnerability-assessment</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>As stated in the document, the assessment is not a regulatory or legal framework but an advisory report. Based on the assessment, adaptation measures can be undertaken. Implementing these measures, new institutional, legal, and financing arrangements might be required. The assessment lays the informational foundation for adaptation planning and implementing the necessary measures.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/vulnerability-assessment" hreflang="en">Vulnerability Assessment</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>CA Emergency Management Agency (2012): <a href="http://resources.ca.gov/docs/climate/01APG_Planning_for_Adaptive_Communities.pdf">California Climate Adaptation Planning Guide</a>, 60 pages.</h5> <h5>Marin County Community Development Agency (CDA) (2015):<a href="http://www.marincounty.org/~/media/files/departments/cd/planning/slr/vulnerability-assessment/part-01_draft_marin_coast_slr_va_v2.pdf?la=en"> Marin Ocean Coast Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment</a>. Draft Executive Summary and Introduction. 35 pages.</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Tue, 24 Jan 2017 13:06:12 +0000 nst 269 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: London Mass Evacuation Framework (UK) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-london-mass-evacuation-framework-uk <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: London Mass Evacuation Framework (UK)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 01/18/2017 - 10:26</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/63" hreflang="en">Emergency Event and Contingency Planning</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 2014, the London Resilience Partnership developed the second Mass Evacuation Framework for the city of London. The purpose of this Framework is to offer guidance to responders managing a mass evacuation of displaced persons and, where appropriate, other living creatures.</p> <p>The Framework has been developed by the Multi-Agency London Resilience Partnership Mass Evacuation Group. This group consists for example of the City of London Police, London Fire Brigade Emergency Planning, Environment Agency, Ministry of Defence (London), or Network Rail.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on: London Resilience Partnership (2014): <a href="https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/gla_migrate_files_destination/London%20Mass%20Evacuation%20Framework%20V2%200.pdf">Mass Evacuation Framework</a>.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In the city a range of risks could result in a scenario requiring mass evacuation. The current reasonable worst case planning assumption for London is based on a major fluvial flooding incident.</p> <p>In addition to providing guidance, the framework is intended to support decision-making and expectation management across all multi-agency partners and stakeholders. The content facilitates a flexible, scalable and coordinated approach to managing an evacuation.</p> <p>The framework is not intended to be prescriptive, as every incident is different; rather, its aim is to capture the core principles for the management of a mass evacuation enabling key organisations to respond consistently and with a clear understanding of their roles and responsibilities.</p> <p>In more detail, the objectives of this Framework are:</p> <ul> <li>Support the Strategic Coordinating Group to respond effectively to an event that requires the evacuation of part of London;</li> <li>Provide responding organisations with the necessary strategy to allow them to effectively implement their roles and responsibilities in support of an evacuation; and</li> <li>Provide the process by which appropriate information is supplied to all responding agencies, the public and businesses, at the start of and throughout the evacuation process.</li> </ul> <p>An incident which causes a mass evacuation may be a ‘sudden impact’ or a ‘rising tide’ type of incident. A ‘sudden impact’ incident will require immediate evacuation of a population to protect life, which may have to be initiated before the full command and control structure is in place. In a ‘rising tide’ incident, agencies will have some warning of a potential incident, enabling command and control structures to be put in place to coordinate the response to the incident and any associated evacuation. Flooding events typically fall under the latter of this incidents.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4><strong>Evacuation process</strong></h4> <p>The evacuation process is broken down into five principal phases as follows:</p> <h5><em>Initiate Evacuation</em></h5> <ul> <li>Responding Agencies initiate operating procedures</li> <li>Transport availability identified</li> <li>Evacuation assembly point identified</li> <li>Recovery Cell setup</li> <li>Alert neighbouring areas</li> </ul> <h5><em>Alert Population</em></h5> <ul> <li>Initiate Warning and Informing methods</li> </ul> <h5><em> Move Population</em></h5> <ul> <li>- Affected Local Authorities (LA) move evacuees requiring help to evacuation assembly point (with assistance from Police)</li> <li>- LAs to liaise with transport operators and move evacuees to locations where shelter can be provided</li> </ul> <h5><em>Shelter / Assistance</em></h5> <ul> <li>LAs receive evacuees and provide 48hr shelter where needed.</li> </ul> <h5><em>Return / Recovery.</em></h5> <ul> <li>- Handover to Recovery Group</li> <li>- Inform Population/ Residents</li> <li>- Assess Situation - Reoccupation (if possible)</li> <li>- LAs consider longer term shelter options</li> </ul> <h4>Training and Exercising</h4> <p>Each organisation is responsible for ensuring that its staff are fully trained in its own emergency response procedures, and in its particular role in support of the operation of the London Mass Evacuation Framework and associated plans and protocols. A standardised approach to training and exercising is described in the framework. It is also stated that agencies have to maintain records of their training programmes as evidence.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Once an evacuation plan has been set, it must be made available to the people who might need to use so they can be trained and the effectiveness of the plan validated. This is usually through an exercise which alows responders to simulate an emergency and their response. </p> <p>Also a regularly review and update of the plan has to be undertaken. These updates should take into account learnings from exercises, incidents and changes in policy. It has to be ensured that the latest best practise is incorporated.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/evacuation-planning" hreflang="en">Evacuation planning</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.london.gov.uk/about-us/organisations-we-work/london-prepared/planning-emergencies-capital">City of London</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 18 Jan 2017 09:26:41 +0000 nst 231 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: A participatory adaptation planning approach, Cascais (PT) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-participatory-adaptation-planning-approach-cascais-pt <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: A participatory adaptation planning approach, Cascais (PT)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 01/18/2017 - 09:42</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/36" hreflang="en">Erosion</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-main-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_main_image/public/measures/P1020791.JPG?itok=hx9nOonL" width="315" height="210" alt="Cascais" title="Cascais" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-landscape-main-image" /> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Cascais is a Portuguese city on the Atlantic coast and 30 km west of Lisbon. Within the project BASE, researcher supported the participatory ICZM approach to develop a Climate Adaptation Action Plan.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on: Ng, K., Campos, I., & Penha-Lopes, g. (Eds.) (2016):<a href="http://base-adaptation.eu/sites/default/files/BASE%20Inspiration%20Book.pdf"> BASE adaptation inspiration book: 23 European cases of climate change adaptation to inspire European decision-makers, practitioners and citizens</a>. Lisbon: Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>Cascais is a Portuguese city on the Atlantic coast and 30 km west of Lisbon. Flash flooding is of especially high concern due to extensive urbanization in areas with strong economic and touristic activity and concentrated physical capital, namely historical buildings. In the period between 2000 and 2011, there was just over EUR 1 million in private claims to insurance companies, with 40% of that value occurring in a single event in 2008 in two parishes. In the same year, annual private costs due to flooding in Cascais exceeded EUR 400,000.</p> <h4><strong>The Adaptation Response</strong></h4> <p>In 2010 the municipality developed its Strategic Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (PECAC). In 2013-15 under the FP7 BASE project, a comprehensive participatory revision of the Plan was made together with the Agenda 21 of Cascais in order to reassess and reprioritize the implemented adaptation measures, taking into consideration all major stakeholders as well as all key affected sectors. Cascais is moving towards the updated Climate Adaptation Action Plan in 2017. The measures included :</p> <ul> <li>green spaces and corridors in urban areas;</li> <li>beach and shoreface nourishment;</li> <li>the rehabilitation and restoration of rivers;</li> <li>the establishment and restoration of riparian buffers; and</li> <li>awareness campaigns for behavioural change.</li> </ul></div> <div class="field field--name-field-gallery field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="gallery-left-arrow"><span></span></div> <div class="gallery-right-arrow"><span>></span></div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="gallery-wrapper"> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/P1020786.JPG"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/P1020786.JPG?itok=SCRsdRCg" width="220" height="165" alt="Cascais 1" title="Cascais 1" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/P1020792.JPG"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/P1020792.JPG?itok=Z-7CpvsW" width="220" height="165" alt="Cascais 2" title="Cascais 2" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/P1020770.JPG"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/P1020770.JPG?itok=jocj05ol" width="165" height="220" alt="Cascais 3" title="Cascais 3" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/P1020774.JPG"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/P1020774.JPG?itok=4QV830E8" width="220" height="165" alt="Coast near Cascais" title="Coast near Cascais" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>The People and Institutions involved</strong></p> <p>Participatory methodologies have been extensively used in the Cascais adaptation strategy. BASE research work in Cascais began in October 2012 with preliminary/exploratory meetings with representatives from the municipality. Through nine participatory workshops, one population-wide inquiry (n=1885), one inquiry to the technical body of the municipality (n=99) and several field visits, PECAC 2.0 was completed in 2015. This makes Cascais BASE’s case study icon in the use of participatory methodologies.</p> <p><strong>Outcome of action</strong></p> <p>In terms of concrete measures, green corridors, rainwater gardens and rainwater catchments are to be implemented. Green corridors and the re-naturing of Cascais streams is an ongoing adaptation measure that enjoys wide stakeholder consensus and yields positive externalities and socio-political support with relatively low levels of investment needed. Yet its effectiveness in flood risk reduction in this specific case study is still uncertain and a detailed action plan is needed for further analysis.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Climate change adaptation has to do with political choices and is not only a matter of finding the right technical solutions. Participatory experiences such as those developed in, Cascais or <strong>Timmendorfer Strand</strong>, show that adaptation decisions are political in nature, because they affect different stakeholders and citizens in different ways.</p> <p>A number of regulatory frameworks and policies can either hinder or promote local action. One important strategy is to involve a wide range of stakeholders and citizens at the early stages of making decisions about measures. Practitioners and decision-makers need to be well informed on local, national and supranational policies, taking stock of potential synergies and addressing potential bottlenecks and constraints posed by public policies.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/spatial-planning-and-integrated-coastal-zone-management-iczm" hreflang="en">Spatial Planning and Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://base-adaptation.eu/">The BASE project</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://base-adaptation.eu/sites/default/files/case_studies/08_Cascais_CSLD.pdf">Case Study report about Cascais</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>Ng, K., Campos, I., & Penha-Lopes, g. (Eds.) (2016): BASE adaptation inspiration book: 23 European cases of climate change adaptation to inspire European decision-makers, practitioners and citizens. Lisbon: Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon. http://base-adaptation.eu/sites/default/files/BASE%20Inspiration%20Book.pdf</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 18 Jan 2017 08:42:04 +0000 nst 230 at https://coastal-management.eu Vulnerability Assessment https://coastal-management.eu/measure/vulnerability-assessment <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Vulnerability Assessment</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 12/14/2016 - 10:12</span> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A vulnerability assessment can be used as an informal spatial planning instrument to identify, quantify, and prioritize vulnerabilities in a system. In coastal areas effects of climate change can add additional pressure on these systems. A vulnerability assessment addresses these pressures and analyzes the risks and adaptation capacities to cope with these risks. Results are an important tool in regional and local spatial planning.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The term vulnerability is often used in the context of climate change. The IPCC (2007: 883) defines vulnerability as the “degree to which a system is susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate change and variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity.” Human pressures (for example due to urbanization, shipping, or tourism activities) but also effects of climate change (sea level rise, storm events) will increase the vulnerability of coastal systems. In the following description focus lies on the coastal vulnerability due to climate change. As mentioned in the definition of the IPCC, a vulnerability assessment consist of three integral parts: the assessment of the exposition (how a coastal region is exposed to certain climate factors like sea level rise or storm floods), the sensitivity (how sensitive the specific coastal system is), and the adaptive capacity (how the coastal system can cope with the changes).</p> <p>The results of such an assessment can be used in spatial planning processes to find best solution how to cope with the effects of climate change.</p> <p>There is no formal procedure of how to conduct a vulnerability assessment, but there are reoccurring elements that form a general basis. It necessary to formulate and define the problem and scope of the assessment, define the spatio-temporal aspects, the relevant climate impacts and the potentially impacted sectors, environmental assets and land use patterns. But the assessment should be understood as a process, not as a sole scientific exercise. The German ministry responsibly for spatial planning (BMVBS 2011) has published twelve recommendations for an effective implementation of regional vulnerability analyzes</p> <p><strong>Success-factors for a regional vulnerability assessment</strong></p> <ol> <li>Understand vulnerability analysis as a process</li> <li>Involve stakeholder from the beginning</li> <li>Limit the scope of the assessment early in the process</li> <li>Organize the data properly</li> <li>Acknowledge (regional) climate models and projections</li> <li>Determine the exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity</li> <li>Conceive comprehensive rules of connectivity</li> <li>Keep analyzes only as complex as absolutely necessary</li> <li>Visualize results</li> <li>Understand results as a basis for discussion</li> <li>Inform relevant stakeholder and media</li> <li>Develop strategic planning goals</li> </ol> <p>For coastal areas, there are a wide variety of methods that could be integrated into a vulnerability assessment. The objective and the problem to be evaluated are key factors in choosing the most appropriate assessment method. The European Topic Centre on Climate Change Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation has published a technical paper on Methods for assessing coastal vulnerability to climate change (Ramieri 2011). The authors analyzed different methods and distinguished:</p> <ul> <li>indicators and index-based methods,</li> <li>GIS-based Decision Support Systems,</li> <li>and methods based on dynamic computer models.</li> </ul> <p>Further information on how to apply these different methos (for example what kind of models can be used) can be found <a href="http://cca.eionet.europa.eu/docs/TP_1-2011">here</a>.</p> <p>Based on the mentioned success criteria, the BMBVS (2011) has published a possible process of a regional vulnerability assessment. These are based on the active involvement of regional experts from sectoral planning, municipalities and other institutions. They should be asked to bring their experience and knowledge and actively contribute in the implementation of vulnerability evaluation. Moreover, they should be integrated in the formulation of goals and plans how to implement appropriate measures. A schematic sketch of how this procedure could look like, can be seen in the picture gallery.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-gallery field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="gallery-left-arrow"><span></span></div> <div class="gallery-right-arrow"><span>></span></div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="gallery-wrapper"> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/Process2.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/Process2.jpg?itok=OiqSc3aY" width="190" height="220" alt="Schematic sketch of assessment (based on BMVBS 2011)" title="Schematic sketch of assessment (based on BMVBS 2011)" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>A vulnerability assessment is a profound supporting tool for dealing with climate change issues in spatial planning processes. They can be an important basis for a cross-sectoral approach to develop adaptation measures.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-vulnerability-assessment-marins-ocean-coast-california-usa" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: Vulnerability Assessment for Marin's Ocean Coast, California (USA)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://climatechange.environment.nsw.gov.au//Adapting-to-climate-change/Regional-vulnerability-and-assessment">Regional vulnerability and assessment</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>BMVBS (Hrsg.): Vulnerabilitätsanalyse in der Praxis. Inhaltliche und methodische Ansatzpunkte für die Ermittlung regionaler Betroffenheiten. BMVBS-Online-Publikation 21/2011. <a href="http://www.bbsr.bund.de/nn_98890/BBSR/DE/Veroeffentlichungen/BMVBS/Online/2011/ON212011.html">http://www.bbsr.bund.de/nn_98890/BBSR/DE/Veroeffentlichungen/BMVBS/Online/2011/ON212011.html</a></h5> <h5>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Fourth Assessment Report (AR4); Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007.</h5> <h5>Ramieri, E., Hartley, A., Barbanti, A., Duarte Santos, F., Gomes, A.,Hilden, M., Laihonen, P., Marinova, N., and Santini, M.: Methods for assessing coastal vulnerability to climate change, European Topic Centre on Climate Change Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation (ETC CCA) Technical Paper, Bologna (IT) 93, October 2011 (<a href="http://cca.eionet.europa.eu/docs/TP_1-2011">http://cca.eionet.europa.eu/docs/TP_1-2011</a>)</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 14 Dec 2016 09:12:49 +0000 nst 207 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Risk Communication in Kiel (Ger) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-risk-communication-kiel-ger <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Risk Communication in Kiel (Ger)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 12/07/2016 - 12:04</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/63" hreflang="en">Emergency Event and Contingency Planning</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-main-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_main_image/public/measures/Cover%20Schietwetter.jpg?itok=oOMu95jy" width="315" height="210" alt="Cover Schietwetter" title="Cover Schietwetter" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-landscape-main-image" /> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB">An informative brochure can help raise awareness for coastal residents to inform about climate related risks and offer behavioural recommendation. For the city of Kiel such comprehensive guideline was developed. </span></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Bay of Kiel Climate Alliance published in 2015 a guideline for private risk prevention (KBKB 2015). The authors quote a survey saying in 2013 about 90% of the German population thought that there is a low risk to be personally affected by storm floods, storm surges or other natural disasters. But with climate change an increase of extreme weather events is expected for the Bay of Kiel region. Since thus could affect people and households in this region, the alliance published a guideline to offer information about extreme events and orientation how to prevent possible damages and problems. The brochure was written in cooperation with the City of Kiel, the Ministry of the Interior of the federal state Schleswig-Holstein, and the insurance agency ‘Provinzial Nord Brandkasse’.</p> <p>This guide addresses 5 different threats: storms, heavy rainfall, thunderstorm, heat wave, and cold wave. All the different threats are describes in the regional context and also a guide of what to do on a personal basis. For example for storms, the authors recommend:</p> <p>Before the storm:</p> <ul> <li>Use windproof roofing and let it be checked by experts on a regular basis.</li> <li>light objects such as garden furniture, garbage and water barrels</li> <li>shutters and blinds</li> <li>Don’t park under trees</li> <li>Check if your insurance covers damages from storms</li> </ul> <p>During or after the storm:</p> <ul> <li>Only step outside if necessary and pay attention to falling objects, such as bricks or branches</li> <li>Report and document damages</li> <li>In case of damages report immediately your insurance agency.</li> </ul></div> <div class="field field--name-field-gallery field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="gallery-left-arrow"><span></span></div> <div class="gallery-right-arrow"><span>></span></div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="gallery-wrapper"> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/Veranstaltung_Kiel%20004.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/Veranstaltung_Kiel%20004.jpg?itok=GMvt6Ghk" width="220" height="147" alt="City of Kiel, Harbour" title="City of Kiel, Harbour" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/Veranstaltung_Kiel%20016.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/Veranstaltung_Kiel%20016.jpg?itok=s4T5pMmj" width="220" height="147" alt="City of Kiel, promenade" title="City of Kiel, promenade" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/Veranstaltung_Kiel%20017.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/Veranstaltung_Kiel%20017.jpg?itok=5FCdFwSt" width="220" height="147" alt="City of Kiel, promenade" title="City of Kiel, promenade" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Also the four other themes are described in general with concluding behavioral recommendation. The brochure closes with useful links where to find further information.</p> <p>The guide makes use of understandable language, additional photographs and in some cases with (regional) maps. This is to ensure, that residents will read the brochure. Local references, like excerpts from newspaper on heavy rains or storms help to anchor the rather abstract climate threats into a local context.</p> <p>5000 copies were published and handed out at thematic relevant events (public fairs, etc.), it is also available <a href="http://www.klimabuendnis-kieler-bucht.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Schietwetter_web.pdf">online</a>.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/risk-awareness-campaigns" hreflang="en">Risk awareness campaigns</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.klimabuendnis-kieler-bucht.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Schietwetter_web.pdf">PDF Version of brochure</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.klimabuendnis-kieler-bucht.de">Bay Kiel Climate Alliance (in German)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>KBKB (Klimabündnis Kieler Bucht) (2015): Schietwetter - na und? Extremwetterereignisse und wie Sie sich schützen können. Ein Leitfaden zur privaten Risikovorsorge. 24 p. (<a href="http://www.klimabuendnis-kieler-bucht.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Schietwetter_web.pdf">http://www.klimabuendnis-kieler-bucht.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Schietwetter_web.pdf</a>)</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 07 Dec 2016 11:04:38 +0000 nst 200 at https://coastal-management.eu