Coastal towns https://coastal-management.eu/ en Public Education Schemes https://coastal-management.eu/measure/public-education-schemes <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Public Education Schemes</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 02/23/2017 - 11:25</span> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Not all stakeholders are aware or informed about their vulnerability to a changing climate, or flood risk protection. Nor are they aware of the pro-active measures they can take to adapt or deal with climate change. Awareness raising and education programs are therefore important to manage the impacts of climate change, enhance peoples’ capacity to deal with the impacts, and reduce overall vulnerability.</p> <p>Sharing knowledge in this way can help build safety and resilience, reduce future hazard impacts. Communities and individuals usually want to become partners in this, and the public can be empowered to deal with the impacts and reduce future problems related to flood risk and disaster risk response.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on the <a href="http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/adaptation-options/awareness-campaigns-for-behavioural-change ">information available on ClimateAdapt Platform</a> and the Ifrc-Guide on <a href="http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/disasters/reducing_risks/302200-Public-awareness-DDR-guide-EN.pdf">Public awareness and public education for disaster risk reduction.</a></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Several types of approaches can be used such as campaigns, participatory learning, informal education, formal school based interventions.</p> <p>Given that individuals and communities are in different positions, in terms of both capacity to act as well as vulnerability or being affected by, awareness raising schemes need to be tailored to their audience.</p> <p>Large climate change awareness raising campaigns are often a mixture of mitigation, energy efficiency, and sustainability measures rather than adaptation measures.</p> <h4>Benefits</h4> <p>The benefits also mean that through knowledge transfer, the resilience of the community or individuals can be increased which is essentially transforming knowledge and information into potential for action, protection and mitigation of harmful effects. It stimulates self-mobilisation and makes excellent use of local knowledge and resources for improved overall capacity.</p> <p>Awareness raising is continually relevant, and should be adapted as information and situation changes. Therefore, awareness raising is not only a first step but a step that can continually offer support to effectively managing flood risks.</p> <p>It is also generally a measure that can accompany many others, explaining to a community the options available to for instance, prevent erosion at a local beach, thereby in theory, informing decision making and improving democratic participation in climate change adaptation and decision making.</p> <h4>Disadvantages</h4> <p>In itself, flood hazard mapping does not cause a reduction in flood risk nor does it directly lead to people adopting risk-reduction measures. Researchers have found that people take action only when</p> <ul> <li>They know what specific actions can be taken to reduce their risks;</li> <li>They are convinced these actions will be effective;</li> <li>They people in their own ability to carry out the tasks.</li> </ul></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Costs</h4> <p>Awareness raising and school education schemes are generally inexpensive in comparison to some other mitigation efforts, however, they also vary in scale, thoroughness, and continuation. For instance, in order to be effective, generally education and awareness raising should include consistent and standard messaging, legitimacy and credibility, and scalability. It may require adaptation to specific local circumstances, such as language translation, or continual evaluation as a situation changes or becomes different. It may also only be effective if it reaches the target stakeholders it was designed for, who may for instance, have low capacity to deal with flood disasters despite having increased their awareness about them. Thus finding, low cost solutions or area specific options is crucial.</p> <p>Thus, awareness raising and education programs are most effective when developed through a participatory approach where needs, expectations, and capacity are measured and information is developed together. Moreover, the more tailored, maintained and thoughtful the approach the more likely it will be to be put into practice.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 23 Feb 2017 10:25:51 +0000 nst 297 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Constructed wetlands to compensate for urbanization in souther Finland (FIN) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-constructed-wetlands-compensate-urbanization-souther-finland-fin <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Constructed wetlands to compensate for urbanization in souther Finland (FIN)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 02/16/2017 - 10:00</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/61" hreflang="en">Surface Water Management</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/65" hreflang="en">Ecosystem based approach</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In Finland urban wetlands are being implemented to help improve water quality, absorb storm water volume and flow control, and improve the land-water habitats for urban communities. The wetlands are designed to respond to the needs and negative impacts of urbanization and therefore, public acceptance and multifunctional benefits are central to the design and implementation of the wetlands. The acceptance and understanding of the importance of urban dwellers is important and thus the project sought to demonstrate several benefits of functional wetlands.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on Wahlroos et al. (2015): <span><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21513732.2015.1006681">Urban wetland parks in Finland: improving water quality and creating endangered habitats</a>. In: </span> <span><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Urban wetland parks in Finland: improving water quality and creating endangered habitats</span></span><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">. In: International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management Volume 11, Issue 1: Pages 46-60</span></p> <p> </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>Urbanization is affecting water quality and there is increasing severity of flooding and drought periods in Southern Finland. This is expected to become worse because of climate change. During flooding events, run off from rain and melting snow are quickly carried over urban surfaces and overwhelm receiving streams. Habitat degradation is occurring as harmful water from urban areas is transferred into connected habitats. These urban streams in turn cause flooding and channel erosion. The creation of wetlands is an alternative ecosystem approach to conventional responses that have been to seal natural waterways into culverts or clearing, and stabilization for augmented conveyance and erosion control. </p> <p>Two urban wetlands, the Nummela Gateway and the Nummela Niittu were designed and implemented. The wetlands are 6ha and 7ha respectively and are within 550 ha of the urbanized Kilsoi stream watershed in the catchment of Lake Enäjärvi, in the Nummela community, Municipality of Vihti, Southern Finland. The lake has poor water quality from algal blooms and fish kills that result from runoff from its catchments and phosphorus load from human activities. The Stream Kilsoi is an inland clay-soil stream that drains into the Baltic Sea. The habitat type and clay-stream is red listed in the Red list Assessment of Finnish habitat types as critically endangered.</p> <h4>Ecosystem-based aspects</h4> <p>The creation of wetlands is an ecosystem approach and replaced hard infrastructure and conventional responses that have previously been implemented in the area to control storm water volume. In the past, the convention has been to seal natural waterways into culverts or clearing, and stabilization for augmented conveyance and erosion control. </p> <p>The two wetlands, Nummela Gateway and the Nummela Niittu, were established over five years and closely monitored. The ecosystem service that was deemed most important for the wetlands to provide was water quality management. Water treatment by wetlands depends on the plants and their associated microbes. Storm water and flooding events are the main carriers of potential pollutants from urban areas, and thus a high density and diversity of plans and microbes is necessary. In this case, the native origin of the plants was also found to be important to protect urban streams from the erosive effects of storms and snowmelts. Plant self-establishment occurred quickly and construction only required the monitoring of water levels, especially during winter. The existing shoreline and old drainage ditches acted as a seedbank and no maintenance of native plants was necessary.</p> <p>In addition to improving biodiversity, water quality improvements were also achieved. There was an increase in phosphorus reduction after the third year. Despite that the Gateway wetland is just 0.1% of its 550 ha watershed area, it does achieve an annual 10% for total phosphorus reduction.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The establishment of two wetlands near to an urbanized area was able to mitigate against various challenges stemming from urbanization. The Gateway and Niittu wetlands were successful in creating high biodiversity at the clay-stream habitats and relied on little human maintenance due to the naturally occurring habitat which was conducive to wetland creation and existence.</p> <p>Some compromises were made in order to ensure the acceptance of the wetlands and their appreciation and support by the community. Both wetlands were designed to accommodate open water areas for recreational purposes and thus do not fulfill the most efficient capacity for pollution removal.</p> <p>Despite the establishment of the wetlands, they do not address source control directly which remains an issue. If action is taken to reduce pollution at the source, then the wetlands will be more productive in response.</p> <p>Continued monitoring during and after the establishment of the wetlands allowed for there to be definitive conclusions on the impact of the created wetlands on water pollution mitigation, self establishment of vegetation, and biodiversity development. Water quality improvements were demonstrated with continuous monitoring which would not have been deciphered via discrete water sampling.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/wetland-restoration" hreflang="en">Wetland restoration</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><strong>Main source: </strong>Outi Wahlroos, Pasi Valkama, Emmi Mäkinen, Anne Ojala, Harri Vasander, Veli-Matti Väänänen, Anna Halonen, Leena Lindén, Petri Nummi, Hannele Ahponen, Kirsti Lahti, Teuvo Vessman, Kari Rantakokko & Eero Nikinmaa (2015): </span><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21513732.2015.1006681"><span><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Urban wetland parks in Finland: improving water quality and creating endangered habitats</span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">. In: International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management Volume 11, Issue 1: Pages 46-60</span></h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 16 Feb 2017 09:00:50 +0000 nst 293 at https://coastal-management.eu Land claim https://coastal-management.eu/measure/land-claim <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Land claim</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 02/07/2017 - 14:09</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/33" hreflang="en">Move seaward</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/66" hreflang="en">Combined approach (grey + green)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/67" hreflang="en">Grey infrastructure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">The main objective of land claim is neither erosion nor storm reduction.  The aim of land claim is to create new land from areas that were previously below high tide.  These measures can be taken to reduce the exposure of these areas to coastal flooding.  For example, in Singapore and Hong Kong, there are enforced minimum reclamation levels to account for future sea level rise</span></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on information from <a href="http://www.climatetechwiki.org/content/land-claim">ClimateTechWiki.</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General Description</h4> <p>Land claim is likely to be accomplished by enclosing or filling shore or nearshore areas (Bird, 2005).  Several alternative terms may be used when referring to land claim; these may include land reclamation, reclamation fill and advance the line. Typically this measure is undertaken to gain land (French, 1997), today especially around coastal cities (like Singapore and Hong Kong), where very high land values are justifying the costs.</p> <p>In order to enclose areas for land claim, hard coastal defences must be constructed seaward of the existing shoreline.  Dike and seawalls are typically constructed to protect the claimed land from flooding by the sea (Burgess et al., 2007). Two main methods of land claim are: (1) enclosing and defending shore or nearshore areas; and (2) filling shore or nearshore areas, often using the same techniques used in beach nourishment. When considering adaptation to climate change, land claim using fill methods is perhaps more appropriate as it does not carry such a great flood risk.</p> <h4>Advantages and disadvantages of the technology</h4> <p>The key advantage of land claim is the gain of additional coastal land for uses such as agriculture or development.  Apart from the valuable land, this additional coastal land can function as a buffer and reducing the risks of flooding.</p> <p>Land claim can also generate a number of negative impacts. The process of land claim requires either the enclosure of intertidal habitats by hard defences, or the raising of their elevation above that of sea level to prevent inundation.  This causes the direct loss of intertidal habitats such as saltmarshes, intertidal flats and sand dunes (French, 1997). Another disadvantage is dewatering.  By draining reclaimed land which has a high water content, land is caused to dry out, compact and shrink (French, 1997), thus reducing its elevation in relation to sea level.  This causes a difference between land elevations inside the flood defences, where compaction and shrinkage has occurred and outside, where natural intertidal environments continue to naturally accrete sediments.  This difference in elevation is also exacerbated by SLR and results in an ever increasing requirement for flood defences (Burgess et al., 2007). It also requires an ongoing commitment to defend these areas (French, 1997).</p> <p>Any type of land claim will cause the displacement of water during a natural tidal cycle. Because of this displacement, incoming tides have a smaller area to inundate. This will cause water depths to increase and will mean intertidal areas are submerged for longer – this has the potential to cause negative biological consequences and can also increase the tidal range upstream (French, 1997).</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Financial requirements and costs</h4> <p>The financial costs of land reclamation are dependent on a number of factors:</p> <ul> <li>Chosen method of reclaim (enclosing previously intertidal areas using hard defences or raising the elevation of previously submerged land)</li> <li>Availability and proximity of fill material from onshore or offshore sites</li> <li>Number, type, size and availability of dredgers</li> <li>Requirement for hard protection measures to defend reclaimed land from coastal flooding and erosion</li> <li>Project size and resulting economies of scale</li> <li>Estimated material losses</li> </ul> <p>If land claim is conducted by enclosing previously intertidal areas, the additional costs of providing hard protective measures, such as seawalls or dikes, to prevent flooding and erosion of these areas is important.  Ongoing maintenance costs for these structures must also be considered.</p> <p>If land claim is achieved by raising the elevation of previously submerged land, the cost of fill material is likely to be the main determinant of project cost.  In turn, this cost will be influenced by the availability of appropriate materials, their proximity to the construction site and the characteristics of the reclaim site – this influences the type of dredging equipment which can be used.  Changes in the cost of fill material are likely to occur in future due to increased demand and greater restrictions on dredging.</p> <h4>Institutional and organisational aspects</h4> <p>The institutional and organisational requirements of land claim projects are likely to depend on the scale and ambition of the project.  Small-scale land claim for agricultural uses is more likely to be achievable at the community level than large-scale island enlargement and creation as seen in Singapore or Dubai.  These large-scale projects will require the involvement of large organisations and large amounts of funding. </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>One barrier to the use of land claim is potential long-term costs.  Land claim creates land which will require protection from coastal flooding and/or erosion.  This requires construction of defences such as seawalls or dikes with associated construction and ongoing maintenance costs. Land claim through elevation raising may also be a cost-effective method of disposing of dredged material from ports, harbours and navigation channels.  This could reduce the overall cost and eliminate the need to identify offshore disposal sites for dredge material.  As with beach nourishment, pollutant levels in the dredge material should be carefully monitored.</p> <p>Environmental concerns may provide another barrier to implementation. By reclaiming land in these areas, environmentally important intertidal habitats are lost, and knock-on impacts such as alterations to ebb/flood dominance may also occur.  As a result, environmental opposition to land claim may mount.  In the EU, compensation for lost habitats is required</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-artificial-island-amager-beach-copenhagen-dk" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: Artificial Island - Amager Beach, Copenhagen (DK)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569114000696%23">Wang et al (2014): Development and management of land reclamation in China</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>Bird, E. (2005) Appendix 5: Glossary of Coastal Geomorphology in Schwartz, M.L. (ed.).  Encyclopedia of Coastal Science.  The Netherlands: Springer, 1155-1192.</h5> <h5>Burgess, K., Jay, H. and Nicholls, R.J. (2007) Drivers of coastal erosion in Thorne, C.R., Evans, E.P. and Penning-Rowsell, E.C. (eds.).  Future Flooding and Coastal Erosion Risks.  London: Thomas Telford, 267-279.</h5> <h5>French, P.W. (1997)  Coastal and Estuarine Management.  London: Routledge.</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Tue, 07 Feb 2017 13:09:59 +0000 nst 289 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: MOSE system of mobile flood barriers, Venice (IT) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-mose-system-mobile-flood-barriers-venice-it <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: MOSE system of mobile flood barriers, Venice (IT)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 02/07/2017 - 09:35</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/57" hreflang="en">Reduction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/59" hreflang="en">Water flow regulation</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/32" hreflang="en">Hold the line</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/67" hreflang="en">Grey infrastructure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Venice, Italy, is a city famous around the world for not only its stunning canals and historic buildings, but also for its high vulnerability to flooding. The MOSE system of mobile flood barriers is a bold initiative intended reduce risk, preserve the cherished cityscape, and protect the entire Venice Lagoon from flooding.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on information from the project <a href="https://www.mosevenezia.eu/?lang=en">website</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>The MOSE (short for “Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico” in Italian) system consists of four mobile barriers closing off three inlets in the Venice Lagoon. The barriers themselves are made up of 78 flap gates that are installed at the bottom of the inlets to separate the lagoon from the sea when raised. The system takes approximately 30 minutes to open and can be closed in 15 minutes, but takes on average five hours to close. Once raised, the barriers are able to withstand three meters of high tide. The barrier at the Malamocco inlet even has a lock system installed to allow merchant and industrial ships to cross while the MOSE system is in operation to reduce interference on port activities.</p> <p>Seasonal high water is a constant threat to Venice, and the city has adapted with raised walkways, waterproofed buildings, and power outlets installed halfway up the wall in businesses and homes. Flooded scenes of a usually picturesque St Mark’s Square can be explained due to the fact that it is the city’s lowest point. However, more extreme high tides that occur roughly every three years and can raise water levels by over a meter present a much greater risk to Venice’s cultural heritage and justify a system such as MOSE.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Governance aspects</h4> <p><span lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB">Venice and its Lagoon is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which makes its protection even more important. The MOSE project was implemented by the Italian Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport and managed by the Consorzio Venezia Nuova for the purposes safeguarding Venice and the lagoon. The decision to construct the mobile flood barriers was made after collaboration between all levels of government and consideration of various other coastal defence measures.</span></p> <h4><span lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB">Innovative aspects</span></h4> <p>The MOSE system in its entirety is an impressive and innovation response to the threat of coastal flooding and erosion, both from a construction and coordination standpoint. The hydrological and geophysical profile of the Venice Lagoon needed to be fully considered when designing the barriers and their final locations.</p> <p>While the MOSE Control Centre uses advanced technology to predict flooding, model the effects of gate manoeuvres, predict port traffic, determine warning levels, and so on, the MOSE project also employs other smaller scale measures to optimise the overall goal of flood risk reduction in the lagoon. These local defences consist of raising quaysides, roads, walkways, and installing smaller gates in the urban canals in the lagoon settlements, known as the “Baby MOSE” gates. This holistic and comprehensive approach to encouraging protection for the entire lagoon, aside from that which is provided by MOSE, is also innovative.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>It is not easy to construct such large-scale defences in fragile environments, but, as the MOSE system illustrates, sometimes this approach is necessary to provide significant long-term protection. Venice represents an especially vulnerable coastal city with globally significant heritage sites and a very active tourism industry. With so much at risk, the MOSE system will ensure businesses, residents, and visitors will be able to enjoy the fabled canals, palaces, and plazas without the threat of flooding and building damage. The implementation of local defences diversifies the resilience of the settlements in the lagoon and increases the rate of success for the MOSE project.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/flood-and-storm-surge-barrier" hreflang="en">Flood and storm surge barrier</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.citylab.com/tech/2016/09/venices-vast-new-flood-barrier-is-almost-here/498935/">CityLab: Venice's Vast New Flood Barrier Is Almost Here</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Tue, 07 Feb 2017 08:35:19 +0000 nst 288 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: The Ekostaden Augustenborg initiative, Malmö (SWE) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-ekostaden-augustenborg-initiative-malmo-swe <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: The Ekostaden Augustenborg initiative, Malmö (SWE)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 01/26/2017 - 16:19</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/61" hreflang="en">Surface Water Management</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/66" hreflang="en">Combined approach (grey + green)</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Augustenborg is a highly populated neighbourhood in Malmö, Sweden. In order to minimise flood risk, between 1998 and 2002, the ‘Ekostaden Augustenborg’ initiative installed a ‘Sustainable Urban Drainage System’ (SuDS). As part of the project, green roofs, ditches, retention ponds, green spaces and wetlands were created. Due to the installation of the SuDS, rainwater run-off has decreased by half.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on RECREATE project results: <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/green_semester/pdf/Recreate_PB_2015_NBS_final_druck10-02-2016.pdf">COASTAL PROTECTION AND SUDS – NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS</a>.</p> <p> </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>The neighbourhood Augustenborg in south-western part of Malmö (Sweden) suffered from floods caused by overflowing drainage systems. Resulting flooding was leading to damage to underground garages and basements, and restricted access to local roads and footpaths. In order to minimise flood risk, between 1998 and 2002, the ‘Ekostaden Augustenborg’ initiative installed a “Sustainable Urban Drainage System” (SuDS). The project was carried out collaboratively by the city council and the MKB social housing company, with extensive participation of the residents in Augustenborg. As part of the project, green roofs, ditches, retention ponds, green spaces and wetlands were created. Due to the installation of the SuDS, rainwater run-off has decreased by half. Additional benefits include improved water quality, reduced carbon emissions, aquifer recharge (relieving stress in water scarce areas), and increased biodiversity through the creation of new wetland habitats.</p> <p>As the project involved significant physical changes in infrastructure, a main challenge was to ensure the acceptance of the local residents. An extensive and iterative process of stakeholder engagement was also initiated during the design and execution of this project, involving a ‘rolling programme’ of consultation with local residents, representatives from the local school, practitioners, city staff and local businesses. The physical improvements in Augustenborg and related projects totaled approximately 21 million Euro. About half of the funds were invested by the MKB housing company. Without the partnership between resident companies and public authorities, the funding for this project would not have been sufficient.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/sustainable-urban-drainage-systems-suds" hreflang="en">Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/urgp_case_study_015_Malmo.pdf/$FILE/urgp_case_study_015_Malmo.pdf">Case Study description from Forest Reseach (UK)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Kenna Davis, Ina Krüger & Mandy Hinzmann (2015): <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/green_semester/pdf/Recreate_PB_2015_NBS_final_druck10-02-2016.pdf">COASTAL PROTECTION AND SUDS – NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS</a>. Recreat Policy Brief No. 4, November 2015, 14 p</p> <p> </p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 26 Jan 2017 15:19:26 +0000 nst 281 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Early warning system in Sogn og Fjordane (NOR) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-early-warning-system-sogn-og-fjordane-nor <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Early warning system in Sogn og Fjordane (NOR)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 01/25/2017 - 16:39</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/62" hreflang="en">Flood Forecasting and Warning</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The county of Sogn og Fjordane frequently experiences avalanches and landslides, storm surges and flooding. A demonstration project explored the potential for an effective, reliable and cost-efficient early warning system that has a multi-hazard approach and makes use of location and population-based communication technologies, such as mobile phones, as well as social media such as Facebook and Twitter. The system was tested with a sample warning followed by a survey and data analysis to judge its efficacy.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/case-studies/multi-hazard-approach-to-early-warning-system-in-sogn-og-fjordane-norway">Based on information from the Climate-ADAPT website.</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>Sogn og Fjordane is a coastal, mountainous region of Norway that boasts hundreds of thousands of tourist visits annually. Several communities in Sogn og Fjordane are facing numerous hazards such as flooding, avalanches, rock slides and other extreme weather events, that might be exacerbated by climate change. To respond to the challenge an early warning system was developed and tested within a EU research project. The multi-hazard warning system aimed at optimising rescue and other emergency services provided by the county. Due to tourism, it aims to be a cost-effective method reaching all people in the geographic area and not only residents.</p> <p>A public warning exercise was carried out in 2010 with 2,500 mobile phones receiving the alert as text message and 322 fixed line phones in Aurland received the alert as voice message. The warning exercise was visible on Facebook for 2 hours and received 201,849 viewings. A post-exercise survey was carried out online and a door-to-door survey was conducted in parts of the area to assess the public’s thoughts on the exercise. The population warning exercise was evaluated to measure the efficiency of the warning system by combining an electronic evaluation form and a door-to-door survey.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The project demonstrated how an existing county-encompassing organization could be used to issue the population warning. While the technical aspects of people-centred warning systems are at large readily available, issues concerning confidentiality legislation and system regulations must be solved before successfully implementing efficient location-based warning systems. In order to use social media during crisis situations, the projected concluded that research is needed.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/early-warning-systems" hreflang="en">Early warning systems</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 25 Jan 2017 15:39:06 +0000 nst 272 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Reopening Waterways in Oslo (NOR) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-reopening-waterways-oslo-nor <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Reopening Waterways in Oslo (NOR)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 01/23/2017 - 16:19</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/60" hreflang="en">Channel, Coastal and Floodplain Works</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/66" hreflang="en">Combined approach (grey + green)</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>As in many other cities, the former dominating strategy for Oslo’s rivers and streams was to enclose them for practical reasons. This approach has changed and the City is actively reopening waterways to make them accessible for people, facilitate increased habitat for biodiversity and handle storm water more efficiently.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="https://www.oslo.kommune.no/english/politics-and-administration/green-oslo/best-practices/reopening-waterways/">Based on information provided by the city Oslo.</a></p> <p> </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>The City of Oslo is characterized by urban waterways and their tributaries. Up until the 1980s, the waterways were considered problematic for the sewage system and an obstacle for efficient exploitation of land. Hence large sections of waterways were put in culverts. These culverts have predefined capacities that can cause problems if urban flooding cannot cope with these predefined capacities. </p> <p>The City of Oslo has decided to reopen closed rivers and streams wherever it is possible and expedient. In order to formalise and streamline the municipal cooperation regarding reopening projects, the relevant municipal agencies have, in collaboration, developed a management document that outlines the principles for reopening projects including a list of prioritised projects. The list is updated annually.</p> <h4>The “Teglverksdammen” Project</h4> <p>In August 2015 a large reopening project in Teglverksdammen was completed. Ca. 650 meters of the Hovinbekken stream was reopened for EUR 10 million. Teglverksdammen is planned and designed as a natural cleaning system, with several sedimentation basins, stream with water rapids, a small lake and shallow waters with dense vegetation. As a result, Teglverksdammen cleans water, provides habitat for biodiversity and has become a popular recreation area for people. </p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/reopening-culverts" hreflang="en">Reopening culverts</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Mon, 23 Jan 2017 15:19:39 +0000 nst 240 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: London Mass Evacuation Framework (UK) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-london-mass-evacuation-framework-uk <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: London Mass Evacuation Framework (UK)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 01/18/2017 - 10:26</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/63" hreflang="en">Emergency Event and Contingency Planning</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 2014, the London Resilience Partnership developed the second Mass Evacuation Framework for the city of London. The purpose of this Framework is to offer guidance to responders managing a mass evacuation of displaced persons and, where appropriate, other living creatures.</p> <p>The Framework has been developed by the Multi-Agency London Resilience Partnership Mass Evacuation Group. This group consists for example of the City of London Police, London Fire Brigade Emergency Planning, Environment Agency, Ministry of Defence (London), or Network Rail.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on: London Resilience Partnership (2014): <a href="https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/gla_migrate_files_destination/London%20Mass%20Evacuation%20Framework%20V2%200.pdf">Mass Evacuation Framework</a>.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In the city a range of risks could result in a scenario requiring mass evacuation. The current reasonable worst case planning assumption for London is based on a major fluvial flooding incident.</p> <p>In addition to providing guidance, the framework is intended to support decision-making and expectation management across all multi-agency partners and stakeholders. The content facilitates a flexible, scalable and coordinated approach to managing an evacuation.</p> <p>The framework is not intended to be prescriptive, as every incident is different; rather, its aim is to capture the core principles for the management of a mass evacuation enabling key organisations to respond consistently and with a clear understanding of their roles and responsibilities.</p> <p>In more detail, the objectives of this Framework are:</p> <ul> <li>Support the Strategic Coordinating Group to respond effectively to an event that requires the evacuation of part of London;</li> <li>Provide responding organisations with the necessary strategy to allow them to effectively implement their roles and responsibilities in support of an evacuation; and</li> <li>Provide the process by which appropriate information is supplied to all responding agencies, the public and businesses, at the start of and throughout the evacuation process.</li> </ul> <p>An incident which causes a mass evacuation may be a ‘sudden impact’ or a ‘rising tide’ type of incident. A ‘sudden impact’ incident will require immediate evacuation of a population to protect life, which may have to be initiated before the full command and control structure is in place. In a ‘rising tide’ incident, agencies will have some warning of a potential incident, enabling command and control structures to be put in place to coordinate the response to the incident and any associated evacuation. Flooding events typically fall under the latter of this incidents.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4><strong>Evacuation process</strong></h4> <p>The evacuation process is broken down into five principal phases as follows:</p> <h5><em>Initiate Evacuation</em></h5> <ul> <li>Responding Agencies initiate operating procedures</li> <li>Transport availability identified</li> <li>Evacuation assembly point identified</li> <li>Recovery Cell setup</li> <li>Alert neighbouring areas</li> </ul> <h5><em>Alert Population</em></h5> <ul> <li>Initiate Warning and Informing methods</li> </ul> <h5><em> Move Population</em></h5> <ul> <li>- Affected Local Authorities (LA) move evacuees requiring help to evacuation assembly point (with assistance from Police)</li> <li>- LAs to liaise with transport operators and move evacuees to locations where shelter can be provided</li> </ul> <h5><em>Shelter / Assistance</em></h5> <ul> <li>LAs receive evacuees and provide 48hr shelter where needed.</li> </ul> <h5><em>Return / Recovery.</em></h5> <ul> <li>- Handover to Recovery Group</li> <li>- Inform Population/ Residents</li> <li>- Assess Situation - Reoccupation (if possible)</li> <li>- LAs consider longer term shelter options</li> </ul> <h4>Training and Exercising</h4> <p>Each organisation is responsible for ensuring that its staff are fully trained in its own emergency response procedures, and in its particular role in support of the operation of the London Mass Evacuation Framework and associated plans and protocols. A standardised approach to training and exercising is described in the framework. It is also stated that agencies have to maintain records of their training programmes as evidence.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Once an evacuation plan has been set, it must be made available to the people who might need to use so they can be trained and the effectiveness of the plan validated. This is usually through an exercise which alows responders to simulate an emergency and their response. </p> <p>Also a regularly review and update of the plan has to be undertaken. These updates should take into account learnings from exercises, incidents and changes in policy. It has to be ensured that the latest best practise is incorporated.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/evacuation-planning" hreflang="en">Evacuation planning</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.london.gov.uk/about-us/organisations-we-work/london-prepared/planning-emergencies-capital">City of London</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 18 Jan 2017 09:26:41 +0000 nst 231 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: A participatory adaptation planning approach, Cascais (PT) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-participatory-adaptation-planning-approach-cascais-pt <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: A participatory adaptation planning approach, Cascais (PT)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 01/18/2017 - 09:42</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/36" hreflang="en">Erosion</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-main-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_main_image/public/measures/P1020791.JPG?itok=hx9nOonL" width="315" height="210" alt="Cascais" title="Cascais" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-landscape-main-image" /> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Cascais is a Portuguese city on the Atlantic coast and 30 km west of Lisbon. Within the project BASE, researcher supported the participatory ICZM approach to develop a Climate Adaptation Action Plan.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on: Ng, K., Campos, I., & Penha-Lopes, g. (Eds.) (2016):<a href="http://base-adaptation.eu/sites/default/files/BASE%20Inspiration%20Book.pdf"> BASE adaptation inspiration book: 23 European cases of climate change adaptation to inspire European decision-makers, practitioners and citizens</a>. Lisbon: Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>Cascais is a Portuguese city on the Atlantic coast and 30 km west of Lisbon. Flash flooding is of especially high concern due to extensive urbanization in areas with strong economic and touristic activity and concentrated physical capital, namely historical buildings. In the period between 2000 and 2011, there was just over EUR 1 million in private claims to insurance companies, with 40% of that value occurring in a single event in 2008 in two parishes. In the same year, annual private costs due to flooding in Cascais exceeded EUR 400,000.</p> <h4><strong>The Adaptation Response</strong></h4> <p>In 2010 the municipality developed its Strategic Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (PECAC). In 2013-15 under the FP7 BASE project, a comprehensive participatory revision of the Plan was made together with the Agenda 21 of Cascais in order to reassess and reprioritize the implemented adaptation measures, taking into consideration all major stakeholders as well as all key affected sectors. Cascais is moving towards the updated Climate Adaptation Action Plan in 2017. The measures included :</p> <ul> <li>green spaces and corridors in urban areas;</li> <li>beach and shoreface nourishment;</li> <li>the rehabilitation and restoration of rivers;</li> <li>the establishment and restoration of riparian buffers; and</li> <li>awareness campaigns for behavioural change.</li> </ul></div> <div class="field field--name-field-gallery field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="gallery-left-arrow"><span></span></div> <div class="gallery-right-arrow"><span>></span></div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="gallery-wrapper"> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/P1020786.JPG"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/P1020786.JPG?itok=SCRsdRCg" width="220" height="165" alt="Cascais 1" title="Cascais 1" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/P1020792.JPG"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/P1020792.JPG?itok=Z-7CpvsW" width="220" height="165" alt="Cascais 2" title="Cascais 2" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/P1020770.JPG"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/P1020770.JPG?itok=jocj05ol" width="165" height="220" alt="Cascais 3" title="Cascais 3" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/P1020774.JPG"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/P1020774.JPG?itok=4QV830E8" width="220" height="165" alt="Coast near Cascais" title="Coast near Cascais" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>The People and Institutions involved</strong></p> <p>Participatory methodologies have been extensively used in the Cascais adaptation strategy. BASE research work in Cascais began in October 2012 with preliminary/exploratory meetings with representatives from the municipality. Through nine participatory workshops, one population-wide inquiry (n=1885), one inquiry to the technical body of the municipality (n=99) and several field visits, PECAC 2.0 was completed in 2015. This makes Cascais BASE’s case study icon in the use of participatory methodologies.</p> <p><strong>Outcome of action</strong></p> <p>In terms of concrete measures, green corridors, rainwater gardens and rainwater catchments are to be implemented. Green corridors and the re-naturing of Cascais streams is an ongoing adaptation measure that enjoys wide stakeholder consensus and yields positive externalities and socio-political support with relatively low levels of investment needed. Yet its effectiveness in flood risk reduction in this specific case study is still uncertain and a detailed action plan is needed for further analysis.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Climate change adaptation has to do with political choices and is not only a matter of finding the right technical solutions. Participatory experiences such as those developed in, Cascais or <strong>Timmendorfer Strand</strong>, show that adaptation decisions are political in nature, because they affect different stakeholders and citizens in different ways.</p> <p>A number of regulatory frameworks and policies can either hinder or promote local action. One important strategy is to involve a wide range of stakeholders and citizens at the early stages of making decisions about measures. Practitioners and decision-makers need to be well informed on local, national and supranational policies, taking stock of potential synergies and addressing potential bottlenecks and constraints posed by public policies.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/spatial-planning-and-integrated-coastal-zone-management-iczm" hreflang="en">Spatial Planning and Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://base-adaptation.eu/">The BASE project</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://base-adaptation.eu/sites/default/files/case_studies/08_Cascais_CSLD.pdf">Case Study report about Cascais</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>Ng, K., Campos, I., & Penha-Lopes, g. (Eds.) (2016): BASE adaptation inspiration book: 23 European cases of climate change adaptation to inspire European decision-makers, practitioners and citizens. Lisbon: Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon. http://base-adaptation.eu/sites/default/files/BASE%20Inspiration%20Book.pdf</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 18 Jan 2017 08:42:04 +0000 nst 230 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Coastal setbacks on the island of Kauai (USA) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-coastal-setbacks-island-kauai-usa <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Coastal setbacks on the island of Kauai (USA)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 01/16/2017 - 14:34</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/36" hreflang="en">Erosion</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/55" hreflang="en">Avoidance</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/60" hreflang="en">Channel, Coastal and Floodplain Works</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/72" hreflang="en">Managed retreat</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/67" hreflang="en">Grey infrastructure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>On the island of Kauai, Hawaii in the USA, the local governing county has implemented flexible and protective coastal setbacks that protect communities from coastal erosion and avoid shoreline armouring in the long term.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on J.F. O’Connell et al. (2010): "<a href="http://aquaticcommons.org/3942/">The island of Kauai, Hawaii's progressive shoreline setback and coastal protection ordinance</a>" In: Shifting Shorelines: Adapting to the Future,The 22nd International Conference of The Coastal Society , June 13-16, 2010 ,Wilmington, North Carolina.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>In this particular case, there is a disconnect between state regulations on coastal zone management and local or County regulations. In Hawaii, there are state laws that require setbacks along shorelines that are no less than 20 and not more than 40 feet inland from the shoreline and armouring the shoreline is permitted. The regulations at the state level, have however, led to inappropriate constructions in areas that jeopardize the island’s valuable sandy beaches. Thus in spite of an innovative and flexible Ordinance developed in 2008 called the ‘Shoreline Setback and Coastal Protection Ordinance’, the state still allows armouring.</p> <p>The Ordinance puts into place procedures establishing minimum construction setbacks based on average lot depth and long-term shoreline erosion rates that are generated by the University of Hawaii.</p> <p>The objectives of the Ordinance are manifold:</p> <ul> <li>To provide a buffer zone to protect shorefront development from loss due to coastal erosion for a period of time;</li> <li>To provide protection from storm waves;</li> <li>To allow the natural dynamic cycles of erosion and accretion of beaches and dunes to occur;</li> <li>To maintain beach and dune habitat;</li> <li>And to maintain lateral beach access and open space for the enjoyment of the natural shoreline environment.</li> <li>To avoid armouring or hardening the shore which along eroding coasts has been documented to ultimately eliminate the fronting beach.</li> <li> <p>The Island of Kauai is a county within Hawaii and is also the fourth largest of the Hawaiian islands. It is vulnerable to a variety of coastal hazards including inundation, erosion, hurricanes, and tsunamis.</p> </li> </ul> <h4>Local Setting</h4> <p>On the island of Kauai the coasts and sandy beaches are important to the economy and the community. Shoreline armoring as a measure for dealing with climate change can benefit coastal infrastructure but it can also threaten coastal marine habitats and beaches. The potential loss of sandy beaches due to coastal hardening is particularly important in a state like Hawaii and specifically on Kauai where the local economy depends on tourism and beach activities.</p> <p>In Kauai, the county takes the state wide implemented setback of 40 feet as a minimum standard and finds flexible and specific setback lines based on average lot depth and long-term coastal erosion rates that are developed and provided by the University of Kauai. The county, therefore, has taken steps to avoid shoreline armoring and establish safe and environmentally effective setback distances for construction of structures with a 2008 Ordinance. However, the regulations developed at the County level do not match those set by the state.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Political setting</h4> <p>The Kauai case study provides an example of when different levels of government set different regulations that are in conflict with one another. In Kauai, a local level Ordinance has set environmentally protective standards in place that go further than State coastal zone management laws to ensure the integrity of Kauai’s sandy beaches. While the State sets general measures for coastal setbacks and infrastructure development, the County appears to be setting up legislation that is more accurately informed by local circumstances and data and that prioritizes environmental considerations.</p> <p>The Ordinance puts into place procedures establishing setbacks that go beyond the state-wide laws. The County setbacks also consider lot depth and long-term shoreline erosion rates. In order to determine the erosion rates of different areas around the island, the County has partnered with the University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program to conduct an assessment on Climate Change and Coastal Hazards in Kauai and to provide data regularly.</p> <h4>Innovative aspect</h4> <p>In Kauai, the county takes the state wide implemented setback of 40 feet as a minimum standard and finds flexible and specific setback lines based on average lot depth and long-term coastal erosion rates that are developed and provided by the University of Kauai. For existing structures 20 feet is the minimum setback area. It also requires lot depths of greater than 160 feet with a proposed building footprint less than or greater than 5000 square feet to calculate the setback by multiplying the erosion rate by 70 or 100, respectfully on top of a forty food safety buffer.</p> <p>The purpose of the Ordinance is to ensure that structures are not built in areas that are vulnerable to hazards and that shoreline hardening is avoided and not depended on to protect property during its lifetime. There are also specific rules regarding activities and structures that are allowed within the setback are, however, no structure approved within the setback area by variance will be eligible for protection by shoreline hardening.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>There are several interesting elements of the Kauai case study. Firstly, there is an inter-change between local levels of the island County and established state laws on zoning and management. The Ordinance that determines county rules for setback measures is more protective and exact in determining the rules for building and at the same time was designed in a way that is flexible to specific projects and also informed by local data and research. The partnership between the County and the University of Kauai  to establish appropriate setback measurements based on erosion rates on the island illustrates the importance of partnerships between governing entities and institutions with relevant scientific data and knowledge. Finally, the Ordinance is designed to be somewhat flexible but is ultimately environmentally focused in protecting the integrity of sandy beaches and avoiding the hardening of the coast in the future to protect any existing structures.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/coastal-and-river-setbacks" hreflang="en">Coastal and river setbacks</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/stories/Kauai.html">More information from NOAA</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5><span>O'Connell, James</span> and <span>Aiu, Imaikalani</span> and <span>Milnes, Leslie</span> and <span>Smith, Lisa Ellen</span> (2010) <a href="http://aquaticcommons.org/3942/">The island of Kauai, Hawaii's progressive shoreline setback and coastal protection ordinance</a><em>.</em> In: Shifting Shorelines: Adapting to the Future,The 22nd International Conference of The Coastal Society , June 13-16, 2010 ,Wilmington, North Carolina</h5> <h5><span>O'Connell, James</span>  et al. (2009): <a href="http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/hawau/hawauwr09002.pdf">A PROGRESSIVE, BALANCED COASTAL CONSTRUCTION SETBACK ORDINANCE ON THE ISLAND OF KAUAI, HAWAII: IMPLEMENTATION AND LESSONS LEARNED</a>. Proceedings of Coastal Zone 09, Boston, Massachusetts, July 19 to 23, 2009</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Mon, 16 Jan 2017 13:34:18 +0000 nst 229 at https://coastal-management.eu